Bone fixation devices, systems, and methods

ABSTRACT

An intramedullary nail includes a shaft between a proximal end and a distal end. The distal end includes a first bend that extends from an anterior side of the intramedullary nail toward a posterior side and a second bend that extends from the posterior side toward the anterior side of the intramedullary nail. The two bends transfer an insertion force on a distal end of the intramedullary nail to, and along a longitudinal axis of the shaft of the intramedullary nail.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.63/233,996, filed Aug. 17, 2021, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to surgical devices, systems,instruments, and methods. More specifically, the present disclosurerelates to long bone fixation devices, systems, instruments, and methodsof designing and/or using the same.

BACKGROUND

Various surgical procedures in people and animals include a fixationstep, procedure, use of a device (also referred to as a fixator), or thelike. The fixation feature, or function, may be between two pieces ofbone, between two soft tissues, between soft tissue and bone, or withina medullary cavity of a long bone. Unfortunately, many known long bonefixation techniques, steps, procedures, devices, or components arecomplicated, difficult to deploy, involve multiple parts, are not easyto deploy when a patient has received a prosthesis such as a joint orfixation prostheses, femoral component for a partial or total kneereplacement (TKR) procedure, a femoral component for a total hipreplacement, experienced a pen-implant fracture, and have otherlimitations. Additionally, known long bone fixation techniques, steps,procedures, devices, or components can increase one or more types ofstiffness of the fixation system or component in such a way thatcontributes to stress-shielding and/or non-unions of fractures. Also,known instrumentation can include multiple apparatus, require extraand/or larger incisions in a patient, and still not assist a surgeon infixating one or more implants to a long bone in a manner that providesoptimal stability for the fixation. The present disclosure addressesthese limitations of the known long bone fixation techniques, steps,procedures, devices, or components.

SUMMARY

The various apparatus, devices, systems, and/or methods of the presentdisclosure have been developed in response to the present state of theart, and in particular, in response to the problems and needs in the artthat have not yet been fully solved by currently available technology.One general aspect of the present disclosure can include anintramedullary nail assembly for a long bone of a patient that includesan intramedullary nail that may have a lateral side, a medial side, asuperior side, an inferior side, an anterior side, and a posterior side;a proximal end that may include a point and a distal end; a shaftbetween the proximal end and the distal end. The assembly includes anoffset section proximal to the distal end, where the offset section mayinclude: a first bend that extends from the anterior side of theintramedullary nail toward the posterior side of the intramedullarynail, and a second bend that extends from the posterior side of theintramedullary nail toward the anterior side of the intramedullary nail.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Theintramedullary nail assembly where the shaft has a longitudinal axis andwhere the second bend defines an offset axis that extends from thedistal end and where the second bend extends from the posterior side ofthe intramedullary nail toward the anterior side of the intramedullarynail such that the offset axis is substantially parallel with thelongitudinal axis. The offset section extends from the distal end of theintramedullary nail and the offset section is configured to avoidinterference from a preinstalled femoral component of a knee jointimplant. The offset section may include an adapter configured to connectto the distal end of the intramedullary nail. The offset section mayinclude a portion of an intramedullary nail inserter configured tocouple to the distal end of the intramedullary nail. The first bend maybe less than 90 degrees and the second bend may be greater than 90degrees. The offset section may include one or more openings positionedbetween the first bend and the second bend. The distal end of theintramedullary nail may include a first coupling, and where the offsetsection may include: a second coupling configured to engage with thefirst coupling; and a third coupling configured to engage with a fourthcoupling of an inserter. The offset section may include a first endproximal to the first bend and a second end proximal to the second bendand the second end extends into a notch of the long bone when theintramedullary nail assembly is deployed.

One general aspect of the present disclosure can include anintramedullary nail system for a femur (or any long bone—such as ahumerus, tibia, femur or the like) of a patient. The intramedullary nailsystem includes a lateral side, a medial side, a superior side, aninferior side, an anterior side, and a posterior side; a proximal endmay include a point and a distal end; a longitudinal axis that extendsfrom the distal end to the proximal end; a shaft between the proximalend and the distal end; a first bend proximal to the distal end andangled posteriorly in relation to the longitudinal axis; a second bendbetween the distal end and the first bend, the second bend angledanteriorly in relation to the longitudinal axis; and a body between thefirst bend and the second bend.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Theintramedullary nail system may include a distal coupling connected tothe second bend and configured to couple with an inserter. The firstbend is connected to the shaft. The intramedullary nail system mayinclude a proximal coupling connected between the first bend and theshaft. The intramedullary nail system may include a passage that extendsfrom the distal end to the proximal end. The first bend, body, andsecond bend are configured to preoperatively couple to the shaftproximal to the first bend. The first bend, body, and second bend areintegrated with a distal end of an intramedullary nail inserter. Theintramedullary nail inserter may include an intramedullary nail guidethat extends parallel to the intramedullary nail when the intramedullarynail is coupled to the intramedullary nail inserter. The first bend,body, and second bend form an s shape when viewed from at least one of alateral side and a medial side of the intramedullary nail.

One general aspect of the present disclosure can include a method fordeploying an intramedullary nail that includes an offset section withina femur of a patient. The method includes coupling an intramedullarynail that includes an offset section to an intramedullary nail inserter,the intramedullary nail inserter coupled to the offset section, theintramedullary nail may include a longitudinal axis and the offsetsection may include an offset axis substantially parallel to thelongitudinal axis; preparing an intramedullary canal of a femur of thepatient, the intramedullary canal extending from a distal end of thefemur to a proximal end of the femur; inserting a proximal end of theintramedullary nail into a distal end of the intramedullary canal;driving the intramedullary nail into the intramedullary canal toward theproximal end of the femur by driving the offset section along the offsetaxis, the offset axis transferring a translation force applied to theoffset axis to the intramedullary nail to drive the intramedullary nailalong the longitudinal axis; sliding the offset section past a distalfemoral component of a knee implant positioned proximal to a distal endof the femur such that the offset section engages an internal wall ofthe intramedullary canal and maintains flexion of a distal portion ofthe femur; and decoupling the intramedullary nail from theintramedullary nail inserter.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Themethod where: the intramedullary nail may include a plurality offastener openings; the intramedullary nail inserter may include afastener guide; and the method further may include using the fastenerguide to guide insertion of a plurality of fasteners through thefastener openings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The advantages, nature, and additional features of exemplary embodimentsof the disclosure will become more fully apparent from the followingdescription and appended claims, taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict onlyexemplary embodiments and are, therefore, not to be considered limitingof the disclosure's scope, the exemplary embodiments of the disclosurewill be described with additional specificity and detail through use ofthe accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of an intramedullary nail within a longbone, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 1B is a perspective side view of the intramedullary nail of FIG.1A, according to one embodiment.

FIGS. 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 1G, and 1H are a side view, angle diagram, topview, bottom view, distal end view, and proximal end view respectivelyof or in relation to the intramedullary nail of FIG. 1A, according toone embodiment.

FIG. 1I is a perspective view of a distal end of a femur with aninstalled femoral component and the intramedullary nail of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of an intramedullary nail connected to anadapter within a long bone, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 2B is a perspective side view of the intramedullary nail andadapter of FIG. 2A, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 2C is a perspective view of the adapter of FIG. 2A, according toone embodiment.

FIGS. 2D, 2E, and 2F are distal end view, proximal end view, and sideview respectively of the adapter of FIG. 2C, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 2G is longitudinal cross-section view of the adapter of FIG. 2C,according to one embodiment.

FIG. 3A is a perspective view of an inserter connected to one of theintramedullary nail of FIG. 1A or the intramedullary nail and adapter ofFIG. 2A deployed within a long bone, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 3B is a perspective view of an inserter and one of theintramedullary nail of FIG. 1A and/or the intramedullary nail system ofFIG. 2A, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 3C is a perspective view of an inserter 300 b and theintramedullary nail system of FIG. 2A, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 3D illustrates one example of a method for deploying anintramedullary nail that includes an offset section.

FIG. 4A is a perspective view of a bone plate deployed on a long bone,according to one embodiment.

FIGS. 4B, 4C, 4D, and 4E are front view, rear view, left side view, andright side view respectively of the bone plate of FIG. 4A, according toone embodiment.

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a medial bone plate deployed on a longbone, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5B is a perspective view of a medial bone plate deployed on a longbone, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5C is a perspective view of a fastener for use with the medial boneplate of FIG. 5B, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5D is a top view of a head of the fastener of FIG. 5C, according toone embodiment.

FIG. 5E is a front view of a bone plate of FIG. 5B, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 5F is a rear view of a bone plate of FIG. 5B, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 5G is a side view of a bone plate of FIG. 5B showing a side thatfaces anteriorly when the bone plate is deployed, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 5H is a side view of a bone plate of FIG. 5B showing a side thatfaces posteriorly when the bone plate is deployed, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 5I is a cross-section view of a bone plate deployed on a long bonetaken along line 5I-5I of FIG. 5B, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5J is a cross-section view of a bone plate deployed on a long bonetaken along line 5I-5I of FIG. 5B a showing an alternative fastenerassembly, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5K is a close-up view of a bone plate deployed on a long bone,according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5L is a perspective posterior view of a medial bone plate deployedon a long bone, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5M illustrates one example of a method for deploying a medial boneplate according to one embodiment.

FIG. 6A is a perspective view of a lateral bone plate deployed on a longbone, according to one embodiment.

FIGS. 6B, 6C, 6D, 6E, 6F, and 6G are front view, rear view, distal endview, proximal end view, left side view, and right side viewrespectively of the lateral bone plate of FIG. 6A, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the lateral bone plate of FIG. 6A and twoextenders, according to one embodiment.

FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, and 8F are front view, rear view, bottom view,top view, right side view, and left side view respectively of a distalextender, according to one embodiment.

FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, and 9F are front view, rear view, bottom view,top view, right side view, and left side view respectively of a proximalextender, according to one embodiment.

FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D are front view, rear view, bottom view, andtop view, respectively of a proximal extender, according to oneembodiment.

FIGS. 11A, 11B, 11C, 11D, 11E, and 11F are front view, rear view, bottomview, top view, right side view, and left side view respectively of aproximal extender, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 12A is a perspective view of a lateral bone plate andintramedullary nail both deployed on and within a long bone, accordingto one embodiment.

FIG. 12B is a perspective view of the lateral bone plate and theintramedullary nail of FIG. 12A both deployed on and within a long bone,according to one embodiment.

FIG. 12C is a perspective view of the lateral bone plate and theintramedullary nail of FIG. 12A both positioned as when deployed on andwithin a long bone, with the long bone not shown for clarity, accordingto one embodiment.

FIG. 12D is a perspective view of the lateral bone plate and anintramedullary nail both positioned as when deployed on and within along bone, with the long bone not shown for clarity, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a lateral bone plate and intramedullarynail both deployed on and within a long bone, according to oneembodiment.

FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 14C are perspective view, top view, and bottom viewrespectively of a fastener, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a fastener, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 16A illustrates a solid body in relation to bending stiffness,according to one embodiment.

FIG. 16B illustrates a solid body in relation to torsional stiffness,according to one embodiment.

FIG. 17A illustrates an intramedullary nail, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 17B illustrates a bone plate, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 17C illustrates the intramedullary nail of FIG. 17A and the boneplate of FIG. 17B deployed together with fasteners, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 18 illustrates a bone plate having greater torsional stiffness thanbending stiffness, according to one embodiment.

FIGS. 19A-19C illustrate cross-sectional configurations for a boneplate, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 20 illustrates an example bone plate having greater torsionalstiffness than bending stiffness, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example bone plate, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 22 illustrates an example bone plate, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example bone plate, according to one embodiment.

FIGS. 24A, 24B illustrate a top and a bottom perspective view of anexample bone plate, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 25 illustrates one example of a method for stabilizing a bonefracture in a femur of a patient according to one embodiment.

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a combined inserter, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 27 is a perspective view of a combined inserter, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 28 is a close up perspective view of combined inserter, accordingto one embodiment.

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of a combined inserter, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 30 is a perspective view of a combined inserter, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 31 is a perspective view of a combined inserter, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 32 is a close up perspective view of a combined inserter, accordingto one embodiment.

FIG. 33 is a perspective view of a combined inserter, according to oneembodiment.

FIG. 34 is a perspective view of a femur fixation system, according toone embodiment.

FIG. 35 illustrates one example of a method for stabilizing a bonefracture in a femur of a patient according to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Exemplary embodiments of the disclosure will be best understood byreference to the drawings, wherein like parts are designated by likenumerals throughout. It will be readily understood that the components,as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, could bearranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.Thus, the following more detailed description of the embodiments of theapparatus, system, and method is not intended to limit the scope of theinvention, as claimed, but is merely representative of exemplaryembodiments of the technology.

Standard medical planes of reference and descriptive terminology areemployed in this disclosure. While these terms are commonly used torefer to the human body, certain terms are applicable to physicalobjects in general.

A standard system of three mutually perpendicular reference planes isemployed. A sagittal plane divides a body into right and left portions.A coronal plane divides a body into anterior and posterior portions. Atransverse plane divides a body into superior and inferior portions. Amid-sagittal, mid-coronal, or mid-transverse plane divides a body intoequal portions, which may be bilaterally symmetric. The intersection ofthe sagittal and coronal planes defines a superior-inferior orcephalad-caudal axis. The intersection of the sagittal and transverseplanes defines an anterior-posterior axis. The intersection of thecoronal and transverse planes defines a medial-lateral axis. Thesuperior-inferior or cephalad-caudal axis, the anterior-posterior axis,and the medial-lateral axis are mutually perpendicular.

Anterior means toward the front of a body. Posterior means toward theback of a body. Superior or cephalad means toward the head. Inferior orcaudal means toward the feet or tail. Medial means toward the midline ofa body, particularly toward a plane of bilateral symmetry of the body.Lateral means away from the midline of a body or away from a plane ofbilateral symmetry of the body. Axial means toward a central axis of abody. Abaxial means away from a central axis of a body. Ipsilateralmeans on the same side of the body. Contralateral means on the oppositeside of the body from the side which has a particular condition orstructure. Proximal means toward the trunk of the body. Proximal mayalso mean toward a user, viewer, or operator. Distal means away from thetrunk. Distal may also mean away from a user, viewer, or operator.Dorsal means toward the top of the foot or other body structure. Plantarmeans toward the sole of the foot or toward the bottom of the bodystructure. Antegrade means forward moving from a proximallocation/position to a distal location/position or moving in a forwarddirection. Retrograde means backward moving from a distallocation/position to a proximal location/position or moving in abackwards direction. Sagittal refers to a midline of a patient'sanatomy, which divides the body into left or right halves. The sagittalplane may be in the center of the body, splitting it into two halves.Prone means a body of a person lying face down. Supine means a body of aperson lying face up.

The present disclosure discloses surgical devices, systems, and/ormethods for fixation in relation to fractures of a long bone of apatient. Existing fixators and/or fixation devices, methods, or stepsfor long bone fractures are limited.

In patients who have received a joint prosthesis at a joint at thedistal end of a long bone, existing intramedullary fasteners, such asnails, rods, and the like can make retrograde and antegrade deploymentfrom a distal/proximal end of the long bone challenging or not possibleusing conventional techniques and instrumentation. A simple, easyintramedullary fastener or intramedullary fastener system orintramedullary fastener assembly that facilitates retrograde/antegradedeployment from a distal/proximal end of the long bone is needed.

FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a fixation device according to oneembodiment of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the fixationdevice may comprise an intramedullary nail assembly. The intramedullarynail assembly 100 is illustrated deployed within a long bone, such as afemur 102. The intramedullary nail assembly 100 may include anintramedullary nail 101. The illustrated intramedullary nail assembly100 is one example of an intramedullary nail assembly that may be usedin accordance with the present disclosure.

“Intramedullary nail” refers to a fastener designed, configured,engineered, and/or adapted to be deployed within an intramedullarycavity or canal of a patient. An intramedullary nail can be rigid orflexible, modular, a single unitary piece, part of a system, and/or partof an assembly. An intramedullary nail may be formed of anybiocompatible materials, including but not limited to biocompatiblemetals such as Titanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys,cobalt-chromium steel alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, shape memoryalloys such as Nitinol, biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatiblepolymers such as Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer(e.g. PLLA) and/or others.

“Femur”, “femurs”, “femora”, or “thigh bone” refers to a long bone inthe body of a patient (e.g., human or animal). The femur is the proximalbone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femurarticulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hipjoint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia(shinbone) and patella (kneecap), forming the knee joint. By mostmeasures the two (left and right) femurs are the strongest bones of thebody, and in humans, the largest and thickest. The femur is categorizedas a long bone and comprises a diaphysis (shaft or body) and twoepiphyses (extremities) that articulate with adjacent bones in the hipand knee. The femur includes an upper part (proximal part), body, and alower part (distal part). The upper part includes the head, neck, thetwo trochanters and adjacent structures. The body of the femur (orshaft) is large, thick and almost cylindrical in form. The lower part orlower extremity of the femur (or distal extremity) is the thickestfemoral extremity, the upper extremity (upper part) is the shortestfemoral extremity. The lower part is somewhat cuboid in form, but itstransverse diameter is greater than its antero-posterior (front toback). The lower part includes two oblong eminences known as thecondyles. (Search ‘femur’ on Wikipedia.com May 20, 2022. Modified.Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.)

As used herein, a “lateral condyle” refers to one of the two projectionson the lower extremity, distal end, of the femur. The other one is themedial condyle. The lateral condyle is prominent and is broader both inits front-to-back and transverse diameters. (Search “lateral condyle” onWikipedia.com Apr. 17, 2020. Modified. Accessed Jan. 6, 2020.) As usedherein, a “medial condyle” refers to one of the two projections on thelower extremity, distal end, of femur, the other being the lateralcondyle. The medial condyle is larger than the lateral (outer) condyledue to more weight bearing caused by the center of mass being medial tothe knee. (Search “medial condyle” on Wikipedia.com May 12, 2020.Modified. Accessed Jan. 6, 2020.) “Epicondyle” refers to a roundedeminence on a bone that lies upon a condyle. Examples of epicondyles inhumans include, but are not limited to, medial epicondyle of the femur,lateral epicondyle of the femur, medial epicondyle of the humerus, andlateral epicondyle of the humerus. (Search ‘epicondyle’ on Wikipedia.comNov. 27, 2018. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.)

The intramedullary nail assembly 100 may include a distal end 104, aproximal end 106, and a shaft 108. The distal end 104 may include acoupling 110 and the proximal end 106 may include a point 112. Theintramedullary nail assembly 100 includes a longitudinal axis 114.

As used herein, “end” refers to a part or structure of an area or spanthat lies at the boundary or edge. An end can also refer to a point thatmarks the extent of something and/or a point where something ceases toexist. An end can also refer to an extreme or last part lengthwise of astructure or surface. (search “end” on Merriam-Webster.com.Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 4 Aug. 2021. Modified.) “Longitudinal axis”refers to an axis of a structure, device, object, apparatus, or partthereof that extends from one end of a longest dimension to an oppositeend. Typically, a longitudinal axis passes through a center of thestructure, device, object, apparatus, or part thereof along thelongitudinal axis. The center point used for the longitudinal axis maybe a geometric center point and/or a mass center point.

FIG. 1B is a perspective side view of the intramedullary nail assembly100 of FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment. The intramedullary nailassembly 100 serves to provide weight bearing load, axial loading,bending load, torsional load, and structural support for the long bone(e.g., femur 102) of a patient. The intramedullary nail assembly 100 maybe made from a variety of biocompatible materials used in intramedullarynails. The intramedullary nail assembly 100 may be hollow along itslength. A passage through the intramedullary nail assembly 100 maypermit deployment of the intramedullary nail assembly 100 along a guidewire. The intramedullary nail assembly 100 may have a longitudinal crosssection that is circular, ovoid, polygonal, or the like. As used herein,“passage” refers to a duct, a vessel, an opening, a void, or otherchannel in a body of a an apparatus, instrument, structure, member,device, component, system, or assembly. In certain embodiments, apassage is narrow and longer than the passage is wide. (Search “passage”on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2021. Web. Accessed 15 Nov. 2021.Modified.)

The cross-sectional diameter and length of the intramedullary nailassembly 100 can vary depending on the age, gender, nature and positionof long bone fracture(s) (e.g., diaphyseal, metaphyseal, periarticular,etc.), size of the patient, and the like. In certain embodiments, anintramedullary nail assembly 100 having about a 10 mm cross section canbe used. The shaft 108 is a rigid structure that connects the distal end104 and proximal end 106. The distal end 104 and proximal end 106 mayeach also be rigid. In certain embodiments, the shaft 108, distal end104, and/or proximal end 106 may include some level of resilience. Theamount of resilience in the shaft 108, distal end 104, and/or proximalend 106 may vary or may be consistent and may be engineered tofacilitate deployment of the intramedullary nail assembly 100 within themedullary canal of the long bone.

The shaft 108 connects the distal end 104 and the proximal end 106. Thelength of the shaft 108 may determine the length of the intramedullarynail assembly 100. In certain embodiments, the shaft 108 include a curveor bow such that the intramedullary nail assembly 100 follows a naturalcurve in an intramedullary canal of a patient's long bone.

The shaft 108, distal end 104, and proximal end 106 may be manufacturedfrom a single piece of material. In another embodiment, the shaft 108,distal end 104, the proximal end 106 may each or a combination of thembe made from a single piece of material that is then connected, joined,or coupled to form the intramedullary nail assembly 100.

The proximal end 106 may include a point 112. The point 112 may comprisea tapered wall that has an increasing smaller diameter until the point112 comes to a single point or defines a blunt end surface for the point112. “Point” refers to a mechanical device, apparatus, member,component, system, assembly, or structure having a larger diameter onone end than the diameter on the opposite end. In certain embodiments, apoint has a proximal end connected or coupled to a base, shaft, and/orbody and a distal end that is free. A point may have a variety ofcross-sectional shapes including round, circular, square, oval,rectangular, and the like. In certain embodiments, a point mayprogressively taper from a larger diameter on one end to a small sharpend on an opposite end. Alternatively, a free end of a point may have aflat or angled end instead of a sharp tip.

The point 112 serves to facilitate deployment of the intramedullary nailassembly 100 within the medullary cavity/canal. The point 112 can helpguide the proximal end 106 through the medullary cavity/canal and canhelp move bone marrow aside as the intramedullary nail assembly 100 isdeployed. In certain embodiments, the proximal end 106 may also includeone or more openings (not shown) for accepting a fastener (e.g., a bonescrew) used to lock the intramedullary nail assembly 100 in place, orfix the intramedullary nail assembly 100, in place within the long bone.The one or more openings may include internal threads that engagethreads of a fastener or may permit the fastener to pass through theintramedullary nail assembly 100 and engage bone on an opposite side ofthe one or more openings.

“Thread” or “threads” refers to a helical structure used to convertbetween rotational and linear movement or force. A thread is a ridgewrapped around a cylinder or cone in the form of a helix, with the ridgewrapped around the cylinder being called a straight thread and the ridgewrapped around the cone called a tapered thread. Straight threads ortapered threads are examples of external threads, also referred to asmale threads. Threads that a correspond to male threads are referred toas female threads and are formed within the inside wall of a matchinghole, passage, or opening of a nut or substrate or other structure. Athread used with a fastener may be referred to as a screw thread and canbe an important feature of a simple machine and also as a threadedfastener. The mechanical advantage of a threaded fastener depends on itslead, which is the linear distance the threaded fastener travels in onerevolution. (Search ‘screw thread’ on Wikipedia.com Jul. 17, 2022.Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.)

The distal end 104 includes an offset section 116. The offset section116 serves to interconnect a distal end of the distal end 104 (e.g., thecoupling 110) to the remainder of the intramedullary nail assembly 100(e.g., the shaft 108 of the intramedullary nail 101). The offset section116 may have a variety of configurations, some examples of which aredisclosed herein.

The offset section 116 redirects the distal end 104 posteriorly within adistal end of the long bone. For example, in a femur, the offset section116 redirects the distal end 104 from a conventional entry point (i.e.one that may be used in patients without a distal joint prosthesis) thatwould be between the lateral condyle, medial condyle, and patellarsurface to another entry point more posterior between the lateralcondyle and medial condyle, such as for example, within theintercondylar fossa (e.g., the posterior intercondyloid fossa, alsoreferred to as the femoral notch).

As used herein, “notch” refers to a depression in a bone which often,provides stabilization to an adjacent articulating bone. Examples of anotch, include but are not limited to, trochlear notch on the ulna;radial notch of the ulna; suprasternal notch; mandibular notch, andfemoral notch on distal end of a femur. (Hartline, Rosanna, “7.6: BoneMarkings”, shared under a CC-BY-NC-SA license. Modified. Accessed Jul.26, 2022 on this website https://biolibretexts.org/). The offset section116 combines two axes (longitudinal axis 114 and offset axis 122) suchthat these are offset relative to each other. The two axes are notaligned with each other.

Advantageously, the offset section 116 permits a surgeon to perform aretrograde deployment from a distal end of long bone at an entry pointthat is more posterior than may be used conventionally. Deploying anintramedullary nail assembly 100 at an entry point that is moreposterior can be advantageous where a patient has received a total kneereplacement (TKR) or partial knee replacement that includes a femoralcomponent implant that blocks access to the medullary canal by way of anentry point more anterior between the lateral condyle and medialcondyles (e.g., at the middle of the intercondylar sulcus).Advantageously, the section 116 can be designed to accommodate a varietyof prosthesis that may be deployed with a patient. For example, thesection 116 can be configured to account for prosthesis such as a jointor fixation prostheses, femoral component for a partial or total kneereplacement (TKR) procedure, a femoral component for a total hipreplacement, and/or to address a peri-implant fracture of a patient'sbone. In certain embodiments, the prosthesis has been installed prior toa procedure to deploy the intramedullary nail assembly 100. For example,the offset section 116 may extend from the distal end 104 of theintramedullary nail 101. The section 116 may be configured to avoidinterference with a preinstalled femoral component of a knee jointimplant.

Referring to FIGS. 1C and 1D, in one embodiment, the offset section 116includes a first bend 118 and a second bend 120. The first bend 118 andsecond bend 120 may be described by how the bends are angled in relationto the longitudinal axis 114 of the intramedullary nail assembly 100.For example, in one embodiment, the first bend 118 is angled posteriorlyfrom the longitudinal axis 114 when the intramedullary nail assembly 100is deployed within a long bone of a patient. The first bend 118 maydefine a first angle 126 between the longitudinal axis 114 and a body128 of the offset section 116. The first angle 126 may be a variety ofangles and may range from between about 3 degrees and about 90 degrees.In certain embodiments, the first angle 126 may be about 45 degrees.

In addition, the second bend 120 is angled anteriorly from, or inrelation to, the longitudinal axis 114 when the intramedullary nailassembly 100 is deployed within a long bone of a patient. The secondbend 120 may define a second angle 130 between the body 128 and anoffset axis 122 (i.e., a longitudinal axis of the offset section 116).The second angle 130 may be a variety of angles and may range frombetween about 25 degrees and about 155 degrees. In certain embodiments,the second angle 130 may be about 135 degrees.

In one embodiment, the first angle 126 and second angle 130 may besupplementary angles such that joining the first bend 118 and secondbend 120 together with the body 128 between them results in the coupling110 extending in a direction or along an offset axis 122 that isparallel to the longitudinal axis 114. Said another way, the second bend120 may be angled anteriorly from, or in relation to, the longitudinalaxis 114 such that a coupling 110 connected to the second bend 120extends, or is oriented, in a direction that is parallel to thelongitudinal axis 114. An offset axis 122 that passes through a crosssectional center 124 of the coupling 110 and into the second bend 120 issubstantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 114.

FIG. 1D illustrates an example first angle 126 and an example secondangle 130 for one embodiment in relation to longitudinal axis 114. Inone embodiment, the example first angle 126 of the first bend 118 isless than about 90 degrees and the second angle 130 of the second bend120 is greater than about 90 degrees. In the illustrated embodiment, thefirst angle 126 and second angle 130 are supplementary angles. Ofcourse, first angle 126 and second angle 130 may not be supplementaryangles in other embodiments.

The length of the body 128 may vary depending on the type of long boneand/or type of fracture being treated. Similarly, the angle of the firstbend 118 and/or second bend 120 can vary depending on the type of longbone and/or type of fracture being treated.

Alternatively, or in addition, the offset section 116 may include asingle bend, such as first bend 118. In such an embodiment, the coupling110 and an end of the distal end 104 extends posteriorly from a distaljoint of the long bone.

The distal end 104 and/or the section 116 of the intramedullary nailassembly 100 may include one or more openings 132 configured to acceptone or more fasteners (e.g., a bone screws) used to lock theintramedullary nail assembly 100 in place, or fix the intramedullarynail assembly 100, in place within the long bone. The one or moreopenings 132 may include internal threads that engage threads offasteners or may permit the fasteners to pass through the intramedullarynail assembly 100 and engage bone on an opposite side of the one or moreopenings 132. One of the one or more openings 132 may be within the body128 of the offset section 116 and one of the one or more openings 132may be at another position along the distal end 104. The fasteneropenings 132 may be configured to accept fasteners driven into the longbone at a variety of angles. In certain embodiments, the one or moreopenings 132 may be positioned between the first bend 118 and the secondbend 120. The openings 132 may accept a cross-fixation fastenerconfigured to cooperate with the intramedullary nail 101 to providetorsional stiffness to the intramedullary nail assembly 100.

FIGS. 1E, and 1F, are a top view and bottom view respectively of theintramedullary nail of FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment. FIGS. 1Gand 1H are a distal end view and a proximal end view respectively of theintramedullary nail of FIG. 1A, according to one embodiment. FIG. 1Gillustrates the coupling 110 and a hollow passage 134 that may extendfrom the distal end 104 to the proximal end 106.

The coupling 110 of the distal end 104 serves to connect theintramedullary nail assembly 100 with a driver (See FIG. 3A) fordeployment of the intramedullary nail assembly 100. The coupling 110 mayuse a variety of features and/or interfaces for making acoupling/connection between the coupling 110 and the driver. In theillustrated embodiment, the coupling 110 includes an arrangement ofgrooves 234 (See FIG. 2C) that accept ridges or “tongues” that mayextend from a corresponding driver of an inserter. The grooves 234engage the tongues to permit the driver to force, or move, theintramedullary nail assembly 100 longitudinally when deploying theintramedullary nail assembly 100. The grooves 234 permit some torqueforces to be applied to the coupling 110 to facilitate deployment of theintramedullary nail assembly 100. In certain embodiments, the grooves234 may engage with the tongues in a friction fit such that theintramedullary nail assembly 100 can be retracted as needed during adeployment procedure. In certain embodiments, the coupling 110 mayengage with a driver such that retraction of the driver also retractsthe coupling 110 and structures connected to the coupling 110.

FIG. 1H illustrates the point 112 having a tapered wall 136 that has anincreasing smaller diameter until the point 112 comes to a single pointwithin the hollow passage 134 on a blunt end surface 140.

Referring now to FIGS. 1B-1H, the intramedullary nail assembly 100 caninclude an inferior side 142, a superior side 144, an anterior side 146,and a posterior side 148 (See FIG. 1A).

As used herein, “side” refers to a structure or part of a structureincluding, but not limited to: one of a longer bounding surfaces orlines of an object especially contrasted with the ends, a line orsurface forming a border or face of an object, either surface of a thinobject, a bounding line or structure of a geometric figure or shape, andthe like. (search “side” on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021.Web. 3 Aug. 2021. Modified.) A side can also refer to a geometric edgeof a polygon (two-dimensional shape) and/or a face or surface of apolyhedron (three-dimensional shape). (Search “side” on Wikipedia.comJul. 21, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Aug. 3, 2021.) Side canalso refer to a location on a structure. For example, a side can be alocation on a structure at, or near, a furthest position away from acentral axis of the structure.

As used herein, the term “side” can include one or more modifiers thatdefine and/or orient and/or distinguish the side of an object fromothers based on based on where and/or how the object is deployed withinor in relation to a second object. For example, in the context of animplant for a patient, sides of the implant may be labeled based onwhere the sides are relative to the patient when the implant isdeployed. As one example, an “anterior side” of an implant refers to aside that is anterior to other sides of the implant in relation to apatient when the implant is deployed in the patient.

Referring still to FIGS. 1B-1H, the intramedullary nail assembly 100 canalso include a medial side 150 and a lateral side 152 (See FIG. 1E). Themedial side 150 may face a medial side of the patient and the lateralside 152 may face a lateral side of the patent when the intramedullarynail assembly 100 is deployed.

In one embodiment, the offset section 116 is proximal to the distal end104 of the intramedullary nail assembly 100. As in other embodiments,the offset section 116 can include a first bend 118 and a second bend120. Referring now to FIGS. 1C, 1D, and 1E, the first bend 118 mayextend from the anterior side 146 of the intramedullary nail 101 towardsthe posterior side 148 of the intramedullary nail 101. In addition, thesecond bend 120 may extend from the posterior side 148 of theintramedullary nail 101 to the anterior side 146 of the intramedullarynail 101. In this manner, the intramedullary nail assembly 100 mayinclude two bends 118, 120.

In another embodiment, the first bend 118 may extend from the posteriorside 148 of the intramedullary nail 101 towards the anterior side 146 ofthe intramedullary nail 101. In addition, the second bend 120 may extendfrom the anterior side 146 of the intramedullary nail 101 to theposterior side 148 of the intramedullary nail 101. In this manner too,the intramedullary nail assembly 100 may include two bends 118, 120.

In one embodiment, the first bend 118 is proximal to the distal end 104and angled posteriorly in relation to the longitudinal axis 114. Thesecond bend 120 can be positioned between the distal end 104 and thefirst bend 118. The second bend 120 is angled anteriorly in relation tothe longitudinal axis 114. The body 128 extends between the first bend118 and the second bend 120.

In one embodiment, the second bend 120 defines an offset axis 122.Advantageously in the illustrated embodiment, the second bend 120 can beconfigured such that the offset axis 122 extends from a distal end 104of the intramedullary nail 101 substantially parallel to thelongitudinal axis 114. In this manner, the a lateral force along theoffset axis 122 is transferred to the longitudinal axis 114 by way ofthe body 128 of the section 116.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the first bend 118 and/orsecond bend 120 may be angled medially and/or laterally relative to thelongitudinal axis 114 of the intramedullary nail 101.

Referring to FIGS. 1B, 1C, and 1D, the section 116 may have a particularshape when viewed from the medial side 150 and/or lateral side 152 ofthe intramedullary nail 101. In the illustrated embodiment, the firstbend 118, body 128, and/or second bend 120 of the section 116 may forman “S” shape when viewed from the medial side 150 and/or lateral side152 of the intramedullary nail 101. “S shape” refers to any mechanicaldevice, apparatus, body, base, protrusion, member, component, system,assembly, or structure having a shape that resembles or mimics orconforms to or matches one or more attributes of a letter “S”. Incertain embodiments, ends of a structure that has an S shape may bendback and over a center of the S shape. In other embodiments, ends of astructure that has an S shape may extend from a center of the S shapeand may include one or more bends and/or one or more curves, but theends may not necessarily bend back and over a center of the S shape.Said another way, a structure may have an S shape and the bend sectionsof the S shape, (e.g., in a letter S) may not double back on themselves.

FIG. 1I illustrates a perspective view of a distal end of a femur 102with an installed femoral component 154 and the intramedullary nail 101of FIG. 1A. The femoral component 154 can be part of a prosthesis systemfor a total or partial knee joint replacement.

The femur 102 includes a bone fracture 160. The femoral component 154includes a medial condyle portion 162 that covers a portion of themedial condyle and a lateral condyle portion 164 that covers a portionof the lateral condyle of the femur 102.

“Bone fracture” refers to a medical condition in which there is apartial or complete break in the continuity of a bone. The bone may bebroken into one or more pieces. (Search “bone fracture” on Wikipedia.comApr. 21, 2022. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Jun. 10, 2022.) Bonefractures can be of one or more types. The name and/or type of fracturecan be based on the specific bone involved, the condition of the bonedue to the fracture, the type of bone, among other factors. Bonefractures may be closed/simple fractures or open/compound fractures.Bone fractures may be described as non-displaced or displaced. Bonefractures have a specific pattern such as a linear fracture, atransverse fracture, an oblique fracture, a spiral fracture, acompression/wedge fracture, an impacted fracture, and an avulsionfracture. Bone fractures may be incomplete fractures, completefractures, and comminuted fractures. Bone fractures of bones in the footmay be referred to as a lisfranc fracture (one or more metatarsalsdisplaced from the tarsus), jones fracture (fracture of the proximal endof the 5th metatarsal), pseudo Jones fracture (fracture of the proximalend of the 5th metatarsal that includes an articular surface of the baseof the 5th metatarsal), march fracture (fracture of the distal third ofa metatarsal), cuneiform fracture (fracture of one of the cuneiformbones), calcaneal fracture (fracture of the calcaneus). (Search “bonefracture” on Wikipedia.com Apr. 21, 2022. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified.Accessed Jun. 10, 2022.)

The intramedullary nail assembly 100 is in the process of being deployedwithin the intramedullary canal of the patient. The section 116 includesa first end proximal to the first bend 118 and a second end (e.g.,distal end 104) proximal to the second bend 120. The section 116 has adiameter sized to fit within the femoral notch 166. In one embodiment,the section 116 may have a diameter of about 11.2 mm. In one embodiment,the femoral notch 166 serves as the entry point for the intramedullarynail assembly 100 (e.g., the intramedullary nail 101). As theintramedullary nail assembly 100 advances retrograde into theintramedullary canal, the shaft 108 moves along a shaft of the femur 102and the offset section 116 moves into a curved area near the distal endof the intramedullary canal. In one embodiment, the distal end 104 canextend into the femoral notch 166 when the intramedullary nail assembly100 is deployed.

Advantageously, the section 116 of the intramedullary nail assembly 100positions the distal end 104 within the femoral notch and avoidsinterference between the intramedullary nail assembly 100 and thefemoral component 154.

Suppose the bone fracture 160 is such that the distal end of the femur102 is in extension. Thus, for a desired reduction, the femur 102 shouldbe in flexion about the bone fracture 160. Advantageously, the presentdisclosure contacts the femur within the intramedullary canal and movesthe distal end of the femur 102 into flexion rather than extension tofacilitate reduction. The offset section 116 can contact an anteriorwall (anterior cortex of femur 102) of the intramedullary canal andthereby press the distal end of the femur anteriorly. This anteriorcontact and/or pressure can assist in the reduction of the femur 102.

In certain embodiments, an anterior surface of the offset section 116can contact the femoral notch 166 and thereby apply pressure tofacilitate a reduction for the femur 102. “Interference” refers to anaction by an object, person, animal, plant, or structure that impedes,blocks, interrupts, stops, and/or prevents the operation, movement,function, and/or deployment of another object, person, animal, plant, orstructure.

As used herein, “flexion” refers to the act of bending a joint,especially a bone joint, or two bone segments. The counteraction ofextension. (Search “flexion” on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2021. Web.Accessed 8 Dec. 2021. Modified.) Flexion may include the act of movingparts of a joint from an unflexed or extended state to a nonextended orflexed state and may be expressed in terms of degrees of the flexionand/or extension. The range of degrees available to express the state ofextension and/or flexion may depend on the range of motion for aparticular joint. As used herein, “extension” refers to the act ofunbending a joint, especially a bone joint, or two bone segments. Thecounteraction of flexion. (Search “flexion” on wordhippo.com. WordHippo,2021. Web. Accessed 8 Dec. 2021. Modified.) Extension may include theact of moving parts of a joint from a flexed state to an extended stateand may be expressed in terms of degrees of the extension and/orflexion. The range of degrees available to express the state ofextension and/or flexion may depend on the range of motion for aparticular joint.

FIGS. 1A-1I illustrate an embodiment that incorporates the offsetsection 116 into a single implant (e.g., intramedullary nail assembly100) that can be deployed in the intramedullary canal of a patient. Inparticular, the offset section 116 enables retrograde deployment fromthe distal end of the long bone where the long bone includes anarthroplasty implant at a distal end of the long bone. Of course otheralternative embodiments of an offset section 116 are within the scope ofthe present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the intramedullary nailassembly 100 may include a single intramedullary nail shaped, designed,or configured to include an offset section 116 formed as part of theintramedullary nail. Alternatively, or in addition, the intramedullarynail assembly 100 includes an adapter and/or an inserter that includesthe offset section 116. FIGS. 2A-2G illustrate one alternativeembodiment. The offset section 116 can be offset in terms of ananterior/posterior direction/axis. Alternatively, or in addition, theoffset section 116 can be offset in terms of a medial/lateraldirection/axis.

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of an intramedullary nail system 200 thatincludes an intramedullary nail 202 connected to an adapter 204 within along bone, such as a femur 102, according to one embodiment. The adapter204 may serve one or more similar features, functions, and/or aspects asan offset section 116 in the intramedullary nail assembly 100. In oneembodiment, the offset section 116 includes the adapter 204 and theadapter 204 is configured to connect to the distal end 208 of theintramedullary nail 202.

FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the intramedullary nail 202 and adapter204 of FIG. 2A, according to one embodiment. The intramedullary nail 202may include a proximal end 206, a distal end 208, and a shaft 210between them. The shaft 210 may include a longitudinal axis 212. Theintramedullary nail 202 may be a straight rigid intramedullary nailand/or may include a bow that follows a natural curve of the long boneof a patient. The intramedullary nail 202 may be similar to theintramedullary nail 101 of the intramedullary nail assembly 100described above, except that the distal end 208 does not include anoffset section 116. The intramedullary nail 202 may include one or moreopenings 214 similar in placement, function, and operation to the one ormore openings 132 described above in relation to the intramedullary nailassembly 100.

The distal end 208 may include a first coupling 216 for coupling theintramedullary nail 202 to the adapter 204. The first coupling 216 isconfigured and/or arranged to engage with the adapter 204. The firstcoupling 216 enables longitudinal forces and/or torsional forces placedon the adapter 204 to transfer to the distal end 208 for deployment ofthe intramedullary nail 202.

The adapter 204 includes a second coupling 218, a third coupling 220,and a body 222. The second coupling 218 is configured to engage thefirst coupling 216. The third coupling 220 is configured to engage afourth coupling of an inserter (See FIG. 3A). The body 222 may include afirst bend 224 at one end and a second bend 226 at an opposite end. Thefirst bend 224 sits between the second coupling 218 and the body 222 anddirects the body 222 posteriorly in relation to the second coupling 218and the longitudinal axis 212 of the intramedullary nail 202. The secondbend 226 sits between the body 222 and the third coupling 220 anddirects the body 222 posteriorly in relation to the third coupling 220and the longitudinal axis 212 of the intramedullary nail 202. In certainembodiments, the second bend 226 directs the third coupling 220 suchthat the third coupling 220 extends from the body 222 parallel to thelongitudinal axis 212. In one embodiment, the first bend 224 is angledposteriorly from the longitudinal axis 212 and the second bend 226 isangled anteriorly from the longitudinal axis 212 such that the thirdcoupling 220 extends parallel to the longitudinal axis 212.

Referring to FIG. 1B and FIG. 2B, in certain embodiments, theintramedullary nail assembly 100 and/or intramedullary nail 202 mayinclude a nail cap that connects to the coupling 110 and/or thirdcoupling 220 once the intramedullary nail assembly 100 and/orintramedullary nail 202 is deployed. The nail cap may facilitate closingthe entry point used to deploy the intramedullary nail assembly 100and/or intramedullary nail 202. In certain embodiments, the adapter 204may serve as a nail cap for the intramedullary nail 202.

Those of skill in the art will recognize that the intramedullary nailadapter 204 and adapter 204 can be adapted to engage a first coupling216 at a proximal end 206 and/or the distal end 208. Alternatively, orin addition, the intramedullary nail assembly 100 can be manufacturedwith the section 116 on either or both the proximal end 106 and/or thedistal end 104. In this manner the benefits of an offset section 116 canbe gained on either end of the intramedullary nail assembly 100 orintramedullary nail 202 or on both ends.

FIG. 2C is a perspective view of the adapter 204 of FIG. 2A, accordingto one embodiment. FIG. 2C shows the second coupling 218, third coupling220, and body 222 in more detail. In certain embodiments, the secondcoupling 218, third coupling 220, and body 222 have a circularlongitudinal cross section. Other shaped longitudinal cross sections canalso be used.

As described above in relation to the offset section 116, the adapter204 may include a hollow passage 228 that extends from the secondcoupling 218 to the third coupling 220 that may be used for deploymentof the adapter 204 over a guide wire. Generally, the hollow passage 228has a common diameter throughout the adapter 204 and may have a diameterthat matches the diameter of a corresponding passage within theintramedullary nail 202. The length of second coupling 218, thirdcoupling 220, and body 222 may vary depending on the amount of offsetneeded to clear a deployed arthroplasty implant, age, gender, size, andanatomical structure of a patient.

In one embodiment, the intramedullary nail system 200 may include adistal coupling (e.g., third coupling 220) connected to the second bend226. The third coupling 220 may be configured to engage and/or connectand/or couple to an inserter (See FIGS. 3B, 3C). In one embodiment, thefirst bend 224 is connected to the shaft 210. In the illustratedembodiment, the second coupling 218 may connect the first bend 224 andthe shaft 210, the second coupling 218 may be referred to as a proximalcoupling. The first bend 224, body 222, and second bend 226 can bepreoperatively coupled to the shaft 210 near the first bend 224. In oneembodiment, the second coupling 218 can couple the first bend 224 to theshaft 210 by way of a friction fit, latch, clip, interference fit,magnetic fit (magnet and magnetic material at opposite ends), or thelike.

FIGS. 2D, 2E, 2F, and 2G are a distal end view, a proximal end view, aside view, and a side cross-section view respectively of the adapter ofFIG. 2C, according to one embodiment. The adapter 204 has a distal end230 and a proximal end 232. The first coupling 216 of the intramedullarynail 202 and the second coupling 218 and third coupling 220 of theadapter 204 serve to connect the intramedullary nail 202 with a driver(See FIG. 3A) for deployment/retraction of the intramedullary nail 202.

The first coupling 216 may use a variety of features and/or interfacesfor making a coupling/connection between the multiple couplings and thedriver. In the illustrated embodiment, the couplings 216, 218, 220 mayeach include an arrangement of one or more grooves 234 that accept oneor more “tongues” or tabs 236 that may extend from another coupling 216,218, 220 or driver of an inserter. The one or more grooves 234 mayengage the one or more “tongues” or tabs 236 to permit the driver toforce or move the intramedullary nail 202 longitudinally when deployingthe intramedullary nail 202. The one or more grooves 234 may permit sometorque forces to be applied to the couplings 216, 218, 220 to facilitatedeployment of the intramedullary nail 202. In certain embodiments, theone or more grooves 234 may engage with the one or more “tongues” ortabs 236 in a friction fit such that the intramedullary nail 202 can beretracted as needed during a deployment procedure. In certainembodiments, the couplings 216, 218, 220 may engage each other and adriver such that retraction of the driver also retracts the couplings216, 218, 220 and structures connected to the couplings 216, 218, 220.As used herein, “tab” refers to structure that extends or projects fromanother larger structure. A tab can be short and wide or long and thin.Typically, a tab is rigid and can include a degree of flexibility.Examples of a tab include a small flap or loop by which something may begrasped or pulled, a long thin projection that extends in one direction,a projection from a card or sheet, or the like. In certain embodiments,a tab can be an appendage or extension to another structure. (search“tab” on Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 27 Jul. 2021.Modified.)

Those of skill in the art will recognize that the features, functions,and advantages of the offset section 116 can be integrated into anintramedullary nail such as intramedullary nail assembly 100, can beintegrated into an adapter 204 such as the adapter 204 used with theexample intramedullary nail 202 described above, can be integrated intoan inserter used to insert an intramedullary nail into an intramedullarycanal of a patient, or can be implemented in whole, or in part, in boththe intramedullary nail and/or an adapter or an inserter. For example,in one embodiment, an adapter, or driver of an inserter, may include asecond bend angled anteriorly from a longitudinal axis theintramedullary nail and a distal end of an intramedullary nail mayinclude a first bend angled posteriorly from a longitudinal axis theintramedullary nail, with a suitable coupling between the first bend andthe second bend. Each of these embodiments and other variations thereofare considered within the scope of the present disclosure.

Those of skill in the art will also recognize that the features,functions, and advantages of the offset section 116 are not limited toone or more bends in an anterior and/or posterior direction and can beused for prostheses, adapters, and/or instruments to provide one or moreoffset sections 116 that bend in other directions, including, but notlimited to, medial/lateral, anterior/posterior, superior/inferior,cephalad/caudal, and the like. The offset section 116 enables use ofprostheses in procedures to avoid existing tissue or structures that asurgeon desires to not disturb.

In certain embodiments, various names and/or labels may be used for thesection 116 and/or an adapter 204 used with embodiments of the presentdisclosure. For example, the section 116 may also be referred to as anoffset section, a detour section, a routing section, a reroutingsection, an “S shaped” section, or the like. Alternatively, or inaddition, the section 116 may be referred to as an accessibility sectionor accommodation section because the section enables an operator toaccess the medullary cavity when an arthroplasty implant is deployed orbecause the section accommodates deployment of an intramedullary naileven when an arthroplasty implant is deployed. Alternatively, or inaddition, the adapter 204 (or inserter driver) may also be referred toas an offset adapter, a detour adapter, a routing adapter, a reroutingadapter, an “S shaped” adapter, or the like. Alternatively, or inaddition, the adapter 204 may be referred to as an accessibility adapteror accommodation adapter because the adapter enables an operator toaccess the medullary cavity when an arthroplasty implant is deployed orbecause the adapter accommodates deployment of an intramedullary naileven when an arthroplasty implant is deployed.

The intramedullary nail assembly 100, offset section 116, intramedullarynail 202, and/or adapter 204 may be made from a variety of materials. Inone embodiment, the materials used have sufficient flexibility to enablethe intramedullary nail assembly 100 or intramedullary nail system 200to be deployed into the intramedullary canal either retrograde orantegrade. For example, in one embodiment, intramedullary nail assembly100, offset section 116, intramedullary nail 202, and/or adapter 204 maybe made from a shape memory alloys such as Nitinol. Accordingly, suchcomponents may bend during deployment and then return to an originalshape after deployment.

FIG. 3A is a perspective view of an inserter 300 a connected to one ofthe intramedullary nail assembly 100 of FIG. 1A or the intramedullarynail 202 and adapter 204 of FIG. 2A deployed within a long bone, such asa femur 102, according to one embodiment. The inserter 300 a is a toolor instrument that enables and/or facilitates deployment and/orretraction of the intramedullary nail assembly 100, intramedullary nailsystem 200 (e.g., intramedullary nail 202 and adapter 204), and/or anintramedullary nail 202. As used herein, an “inserter” refers to anapparatus, instrument, structure, device, component, system, or assemblythat is structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, orengineered to insert or deploy one or more components, parts, ordevices. In certain embodiments, an inserter can be used to insertimplants and/or prosthesis into tissue, organs, or parts of a patient.In certain embodiments, an inserter can also be used to extract,retract, reposition, or remove an implant and/or prosthesis.

FIG. 3B is a perspective view of an inserter 300 a and one of theintramedullary nail of FIG. 1A and/or the intramedullary nail system ofFIG. 2A, according to one embodiment. The inserter 300 a is disconnectedfrom the intramedullary nail of FIG. 1A and/or the intramedullary nailsystem of FIG. 2A. The inserter 300 a may include a handle 310, a driver320, and an intramedullary nail guide 330.

The handle 310 is used by an operator to manipulate the intramedullarynail assembly 100 or intramedullary nail system 200 during deployment orretraction. The driver 320 can include external threads that engage withinternal threads of a coupling 110/third coupling 220 to secure thedriver 320 to the coupling 110/third coupling 220. Alternatively, thedriver 320 can include a different engagement feature such as a frictionfit, tabs, grooves, etc. for connecting to the coupling 110/thirdcoupling 220 for the deployment or for a retraction.

In one embodiment, the driver 320 includes a threaded distal end 322, ashaft 324, and a thumb-screw 326. The threaded distal end 322, shaft324, and thumb-screw 326 can be used to connect the driver 320 to thecoupling 110/third coupling 220. The thumb-screw 326 is connected to theshaft 324 such that rotation of the thumb-screw 326 about thelongitudinal axis of the shaft 324 turns the threaded distal end 322 toengage or disengage with the coupling 110/third coupling 220. Thethumb-screw 326 can be rotated by an operator.

In the illustrated embodiment, the driver 320 includes a straight shaft324 and straight driver 320. However, as described above, differentfeatures of the section 116 and/or adapter 204 may be coupled,connected, or integrated into the driver 320 of the inserter 300 a. Forexample, the distal end 322 may include an adapter 204 with two bends224, 226 as described above that engage a first coupling 216 of anintramedullary nail 202. In another example, the distal end 322 mayinclude a bend such as second bend 226 and an adapter 204 or anintramedullary nail 202 may include a first bend 224. Such variations onthe position and location of the bends 118/120/224/226 between thedriver 320, an adapter 204, and an intramedullary nail 202/100 arewithin the scope of this present disclosure.

The intramedullary nail guide 330 provides a visual indicator for asurgeon or other user regarding where features of an intramedullary nailassembly 100 or intramedullary nail system 200 are physically duringdeployment or retraction. In one embodiment, the intramedullary nailguide 330 includes a section 332 and a shaft 334. The section 332 andshaft 334 may extend from the inserter 300 a parallel to, and alignedwith, the section 116 and shaft 108/210 of the intramedullary nailassembly 100, intramedullary nail system 200, or intramedullary nail 202when an intramedullary nail is coupled to the inserter 300 a,b.Similarly, the section 332 and shaft 334 may include openings 336 (suchas fastener openings) positioned in alignment with openings 132 of theintramedullary nail assembly 100 or intramedullary nail system 200. Inthis manner, a surgeon can visually see the progression and position ofthe intramedullary nail assembly 100 or intramedullary nail system 200and/or adapter 204 within the patient during a deployment or retraction.

Referring now to FIG. 3A, the intramedullary nail assembly 100 orintramedullary nail system 200 facilitates retrograde deployment of anintramedullary nail for patients who already have an arthroplastyimplant. Suppose a patient has suffered a fracture 340 near the distalmetaphysis of the femur 102. Patients who have received an implant in anarthroplasty procedure may have a greater risk of periprostheticfractures (e.g., fracture 340).

Suppose further that a surgeon has decided to use the intramedullarynail assembly 100 or intramedullary nail system 200 for fixation of thefemur 102. The surgeon may reduce the parts of the femur 102 around thefracture 340 using either an open reduction or a closed reduction. Next,a surgeon may create an entry point posterior to the medial and lateralcondyles of the femur 102, within the intercondylar fossa.Advantageously, the entry point is posterior to an arthroplasty implantof the patient. Next, a surgeon may ream an opening to connect the entrypoint through the soft tissue to the intramedullary cavity. In oneembodiment, the reamed opening may connect to the intramedullary cavityat about the same angle as the first bend 118 in relation to thelongitudinal axis 114.

Following reaming, a surgeon may use the inserter 300 a to deploy theintramedullary nail assembly 100 or intramedullary nail system 200 bypassing the nail through the entry point and reamed opening and into theintramedullary cavity. The proximal end 106 of the intramedullary nailmay fit tight as it passes through the reamed opening and into theintramedullary cavity. However, once the nail slides more distally intothe intramedullary cavity the section 116 reaches the reamed opening andintramedullary cavity at which point pressure and stress on the nailbeing deployed is relieved and the nail fits snuggly within the femur102 with the section 116 positioned as illustrated in FIG. 3A.

In certain instances, the fracture 340 displacement and/or angulationmay be so great that femur fragments can be moved a great degreerelative to each other. In such instances, the pressure on theintramedullary nail during deployment is minimal since the fragments canbe positioned during intramedullary nail deployment and reduced toproper alignment, position, and angulation after the deployment.

FIG. 3C is a perspective view of an inserter 300 b and theintramedullary nail system of FIG. 2A, according to one embodiment. Theinserter 300 b is disconnected from the intramedullary nail of FIG. 1Aand/or the intramedullary nail system of FIG. 2A. The inserter 300 b mayinclude a handle 310, a driver 320, and an intramedullary nail guide 330similar to those discussed in relation to inserter 300 a.

The inserter 300 b differs from inserter 300 a in that the distal end322 of inserter 300 b, in the illustrated embodiment, includes an offsetsection 116. In one embodiment, the distal end 104 of the intramedullarynail 202 includes a coupling configured to engage the intramedullarynail 202 and the distal end 104/208. In the illustrated embodiment, theintramedullary nail 202 is straight and does not include an offsetsection 116. Instead, in the illustrated embodiment, the first bend 224,body 222, and/or second bend 226 may be integrated into the inserter 300b. Specifically, the first bend 224, body 222, and/or second bend 226are integrated into a distal end of the inserter 300 b.

The intramedullary nail assembly 100 or intramedullary nail system 200may be used as primary fixation or secondary/supplemental fixationtogether with other fixation devices/techniques for fixation regardlessof a position of a fracture (i.e., mid, distal, proximal sections of along bone). Similarly, the intramedullary nail assembly 100 orintramedullary nail system 200 can be used in relation to any type offracture on any type of long bone, such as a femur, humerus, and/ortibia and from either end (antegrade or retrograde). In addition, theintramedullary nail assembly 100 or intramedullary nail system 200 maybe used for deployment of an antegrade intramedullary nail or aretrograde intramedullary nail.

In certain embodiments, the intramedullary nail assembly 100 and/orintramedullary nail system 200 can be deployed on a long bone thatincludes a prosthesis such as a knee prosthesis, a hip prosthesis,and/or one or more fixation prosthesis. Alternatively, or in addition,the intramedullary nail assembly 100 and/or intramedullary nail system200 can be deployed on a long bone that has no prosthesis (i.e., anative long bone, no joint or fixation prostheses).

FIG. 3D illustrates one example of a method 350 for deploying anintramedullary nail that includes an offset section. In certainembodiments, the method 350 begins with a user coupling 352 anintramedullary nail that includes an offset section to an intramedullarynail inserter. The intramedullary nail inserter is coupled to the offsetsection. The intramedullary nail includes a longitudinal axis and theoffset section includes an offset axis substantially parallel to thelongitudinal axis.

Next, a surgeon may prepare 354 an intramedullary canal of a femur ofthe patient. The intramedullary canal extends from a distal end of thefemur to a proximal end of the femur. Next, a surgeon may insert 356 aproximal end of the intramedullary nail into a distal end of theintramedullary canal. Then, the surgeon drives 358 the intramedullarynail into the intramedullary canal toward the proximal end of the femurby driving the offset section along the offset axis, the offset axistransferring a translation force applied to the offset axis to theintramedullary nail to drive the intramedullary nail along thelongitudinal axis. A translation force applied at the proximal end ofthe inserter 300 enables translation of the shaft along the longitudinalaxis.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the intramedullary canalcan have a natural bend at the distal end. Conventional, intramedullarynails may include a single bend, or be pliable, to accommodate thisnatural bend of the intramedullary canal. However, embodiments of thepresent disclosure include at least two bends such that the offset axisand longitudinal axis are substantially parallel. In this manner, as asurgeon drives 358 the inserter towards the proximal end of the femur,the driving force is transferred through the offset section to the shaftand along the intramedullary canal rather than transverse to alongitudinal axis of the intramedullary canal and/or longitudinal axisof the intramedullary nail 101/202. The insertion direction, the drivingdirection is in-line with the intramedullary canal and theintramedullary nail moves readily in the intramedullary canal in thedirection of the driving force.

Next, a surgeon may slide 360 the offset section past a distal femoralcomponent of a knee implant positioned proximal to a distal end of thefemur. The offset section may engage an internal wall of theintramedullary canal and maintain flexion of a distal portion of thefemur, particularly distal of a bone fracture 160. Finally, the surgeonmay decouple 362 the intramedullary nail from the inserter and themethod 350 ends.

In certain embodiments, during or after one or more steps of the methoda surgeon may deploy fasteners that engage openings 132 within theintramedullary nail. The openings 132 may be referred to as fasteneropenings 132. In one embodiment, the inserter 300 includes a fastenerguide, such as for example intramedullary nail guide 330 (also referredto as a fastener guide herein). The intramedullary nail guide 330 mayinclude openings 336 aligned with opening 132 in the intramedullarynail. In certain embodiments, a user may modify the method 350 toinclude the step of a surgeon using the fastener guide 330 to guideinsertion of a plurality of fasteners through the fastener openings 132.

The present disclosure discloses surgical devices, systems, and/ormethods for fixation in relation to fractures of a long bone of apatient. Existing fixators and/or fixation devices, methods, or stepsfor long bone fractures are limited.

Conventional bone plates lack features for fixation that account forarteries in close proximity to the long bone (e.g., a neurovascularbundle or femoral artery near the medial side of the femur). A simplebone plate that facilitates fixation that accounts for arteries and/or aneurovascular bundle in close proximity to the long bone is needed. Inone embodiment, an improved medial bone plate is needed. The presentdisclosure provides an improved bone plate that can be used on any sideof a bone. Bone plates can be named based on what part of they areintended to be deployed on or to. Thus, a medial bone plate is a boneplate for a medial side of a bone. In addition, the present disclosureincludes an improved medial bone plate.

FIG. 4A is a perspective view of a bone plate 400 deployed on a longbone, such as a femur 102, according to one embodiment. The femurincludes a long axis 103. The bone plate 400 includes a proximal end402, a distal end 404, and a body 406. The proximal end 402 includes oneor more arms 408. In certain embodiments, an arm 408 may be referred toas a tab, finger, or the like. In the illustrated embodiment, one arm408 extends from the body 406 in an anterior direction relative to thefemur 102. In another embodiment, the one or more arms 408 may extendfrom the body 406 in a posterior direction relative to the femur 102. Inone embodiment, the arm 408 is proximal (or near) an end of the boneplate 400. For example, the arm 408 is proximal to the proximal end 402.

The proximal end 402 may include a first arm 408. The arm 408 may extendover an anterior portion of the femur 102 when the bone plate 400 is inuse. Alternatively, or in addition, the arm 408 may extend over aposterior portion of the femur 102. In certain embodiments, the arm 408extends from the body 406 in a direction perpendicular to the long axis103 of the femur 102. Since the bone plate 400 is intended to be used ona medial side of a long bone, the arm 408 may extend over and/or to aplurality of sides of the femur 102. For example, in one embodiment, thearm 408 extends to an anterior side of the femur 102. In anotherexample, the arm 408 extends to a lateral side of the femur 102. Inanother example, the arm 408 extends to posterior side of the femur 102.Of course, the arm 408 may also extend over and/or to multiple sides ofthe femur 102. In one example embodiment, the arm 408 may extend overboth an anterior side and a lateral side of the femur 102. In such anembodiment, the arm 408 may include an anterior fastener opening 414 aand a lateral fastener opening 414 b (see FIG. 4E). When in use, theanterior fastener opening 414 a may be above an anterior side of thefemur 102 and the lateral fastener opening 414 b may be above a lateralside of the femur 102. In one embodiment, the anterior fastener opening414 a and lateral fastener opening 414 b are offset in relation to eachother so that an anterior fastener (e.g. a bone screw or other fastener)deployed in the anterior fastener opening 414 a does not interfere witha lateral fastener (e.g. a bone screw or other fastener) deployed in thelateral fastener opening 414 b.

In one embodiment, the arm 408 extends from an end of the bone plate400. In another embodiment, the arm 408 extends from a body of the boneplate 400. The body 406 may extend along a medial side of a femur 102when the bone plate 400 is in use.

The arm 408 may include at least one fastener opening 414. The distalend 404 may include a distal fixation feature 416 that includes one ormore fastener openings 414. The distal fixation feature 416 isconfigured to engage a medial epicondyle of the femur 102.

The bone plate 400 may be manufactured to have a variety of differentwidths and/or thicknesses in order to provide a bone plate 400 with adesired level of rigidity/stiffness and/or flexibility or both.Accordingly, the components of the bone plate 400 may be sized toprovide a desired length, width, height, or thickness and the materialused for one or more components may be selected to provide a desiredlevel of rigidity and/or flexibility, or both.

In one embodiment, the bone plate 400 is configured, designed, and/orengineered to account for the close proximity of a large femoral arteryof a patient that runs along the medial side of the femur 102. Inparticular, the femoral artery sits close to the shaft 410 of the femur102 and is not as close to the femur 102 near the distal end 412 of thefemur 102. The bone plate 400 is configured for percutaneous deploymentthrough an entry point/incision on the inside of the thigh (i.e., medialside at the distal end).

The arm 408 at, or near, the proximal end 402 provides for fixation ofbone plate 400 to the femur 102. The arm 408 can include one or morefastener openings 414 positioned at a variety of positions along the arm408. The one or more fastener openings 414 are each configured toreceive a fastener of a variety of types and configurations. Fastenersplaced in the fastener openings 414 may engage the cortex of the longbone at a variety of angles, such as between 20 degree and 90 degrees inrelation to a longitudinal axis of the long bone. Similarly, thepositioning of the fastener openings 414 on the arm 408 can provide fora variety of different angles for the deployment of fasteners into thebone in relation to the bone plate 400. In one embodiment, the fastenersmay be deployed at an angle between about 20 degrees relative to alongitudinal axis of the long bone to 90 degrees to 180 degrees(perpendicular to the body 406 of the bone plate 400).

In certain embodiments, the presented solution includes the use of aprotected drill sleeve/drill guide protector for deployment of fastenersinto the fastener openings 414 of the arm 408 from the lateral side ofthe long bone. As one example, a surgeon may use a protected drillsleeve/drill guide protector similar to those used for fixation of ananterior cruciate ligament (ACL) guide. Use of the protected drillsleeve/drill guide protector when deploying from the lateral side of thelong bone can protect soft tissue of the patient at the entry point andmitigate medial over penetration when the fasteners are deployed.

The distal end 404 may include a fixation feature 416 that includes oneor more fastener openings 414. In embodiments where the fixation feature416 is near the distal end 404 the fixation feature 416 may be referredto as a distal fixation feature 416. The fixation feature 416 may beshaped and contoured to contact and follow a contour of a condyle of thelong bone, such as a medial condyle. In certain embodiments, this meansthat fixation feature 416 may include bends, curves, or other contoursto follow a contour of the condyle and/or the bone. The body 406 may beconfigured to contact a medial surface of a long bone, such as femur102. Accordingly, the body 406 may include a curve or bow shape tofollow a contour of the medial surface of the femur 102.

In one embodiment, the fastener openings 414 (in the body 406, the arm408, and/or fixation feature 416) and/or fixation feature 416 may beconfigured to interact with fasteners such as screws, pins, bonesscrews, or the like. In other embodiments, the bone plate 400 mayinclude other fixation features and the corresponding components forthose fixation features in place of the fastener openings 414 and/orfixation feature 416. For example, the fastener openings 414 and/orfixation feature 416 may instead comprise anchors, nuts, threadedopenings, buttons, stops, of the like for implementing one or more of avariety of fixation technologies. For example, fixation of the boneplate 400 to the long bone may be done using cables, wires, sutures,suture buttons, flexible fasteners or the like.

In one embodiment, the fastener openings 414 may include internalthreads configured to engage a bone screw driven from a lateral side ofthe long bone and into the fastener opening on the medial side of thelong bone and in the body 406 or fixation feature 416. In such anembodiment, the fastener openings 414 provides a nut-like device forfixation. Also in such an embodiment, the arm 408 may include one ormore fastener openings 414 that include internal threads configured toengage a bone screw or other fastener driven from a posterior side oranterior side of the long bone and into the fastener opening on theanterior side or posterior side of the long bone. In certainembodiments, fasteners can be deployed from a lateral side of the longbone and secured to the fixation feature 416 on the medial side.

Alternatively, or in addition, the body 406 and/or fixation feature 416may not include openings such as fastener openings 414. Instead, thebody 406 and/or fixation feature 416 may be made from a material thatpermits a fastener driven from a lateral side of the long bone topenetrate the body 406 and/or fixation feature 416 and thereby tap itsown opening into the bone plate 400.

The body 406 may be of any length between the fixation feature 416 andthe proximal end 402. In certain embodiments, the bone plate 400 may bemanufactured in a variety of sizes with different lengths for the body406 and/or other components to accommodate different types and locationsof fractures of the long bone, sizes of long bone, and/or anatomicalcharacteristics of the patient. In one embodiment, the bone plate 400used is selected such that the arm 408 is superior to a fracture in thelong bone. In certain embodiments, the arm 408 can straddle a fracture.

The body 406 may also include one or more fastener openings 414.Together, the arm 408, body 406, and fixation feature 416 with therespective one or more fastener openings 414 provide a surgeon with anumber of options for fixing the bone plate 400 to the femur 102 on themedial side without a need to attempt fixation using a fastener on themedial side alongside the shaft 410 in close proximity to the largefemoral artery of a patient. Different embodiments of the bone plate 400can include different configurations and/or arrangements of the one ormore fastener openings 414 positioned along the length of the body 406and/or within the fixation feature(s) 416. In certain embodiments,certain parts of the body 406 and/or fixation feature(s) 416 may includeno fastener openings 414 or any other openings and may instead provide asolid structure which may serve to provide desired strength, durability,and/or rigidity.

In certain embodiments, the bone plate 400 is connectable to otherimplants such as an intramedullary nail, lateral bone plate, othermedial bone plate, arthroplasty implant, or the like. The bone plate 400may connect to these other implants using fasteners or may connect byway of connectors that may be formed in one or the other or both of thebone plate 400 and the other implant.

FIGS. 4B, 4C, 4D, and 4E are front view, rear view, left side view, andright side view respectively of the medial bone plate of FIG. 4A,according to one embodiment. The bone plate 400 may include a superiorsurface 418 and a bone-facing surface 420. The superior surface 418faces away from the long bone (e.g., femur 102). The bone plate 400 maybe generally planar. In one embodiment, the bone-facing surface 420 isconfigured to contact and follow the contour of a medial surface of thelong bone (e.g., femur 102). In one embodiment, the bone-facing surface420 may face a single side of the long bone (e.g., femur 102) when inuse.

As used herein, “bone-facing surface” refers to a surface of an object,instrument, or apparatus, such as an implant that is oriented toward orfaces one or more bones of a patient. In one aspect, the bone-facingsurface may abut, touch, or contact a surface of a bone. In anotheraspect, the bone-facing surface or parts of the bone-facing surface maybe close to, but not abut, touch, or contact a surface of the bone.

FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, and 4E illustrate one example embodiment of a boneplate 400. In this example, the arm 408 extends from the body 406 in ananterior direction in relation to the long bone (See FIG. 4A).Alternatively, or in addition, the arm 408 may also extend from the body406 in a posterior direction in relation to the long bone (See FIG. 4A).

In one embodiment, the arm 408 may connect to the body 406 by way of anelbow 422. The elbow 422 may be shaped to facilitate percutaneousdeployment of the bone plate 400. The arm 408 may be positioned at thefurthermost part of the proximal end 402 or at any position between theproximal end 402 and the fixation feature 416. Furthermore, the boneplate 400 may include one or more arms 408 positioned along its lengthand the arms 408 may each extend in the anterior direction relative tothe long bone, may each extend in the posterior direction relative tothe long bone, and/or some arms 408 may extend in the anterior directionrelative to the long bone while other arms 408 extend in the posteriordirection relative to the long bone.

In one embodiment, the medial bone plate may be a modular bone platethat includes one or more connectors on a proximal end 402 and/or adistal end 404. With a modular bone plate, the arm 408 may beconnectable to the modular bone plate such that the arm 408 extendsanteriorly relative to the long bone or posteriorly relative to the longbone. In certain embodiments, the body 406 may include a number ofconnection points for an arm 408 to be connected such that a surgeon canfixate the arm 408 at a variety of locations on the anterior surfaceand/or posterior surface of the long bone. In addition, the fixationfeature 416 may be connectable to the modular bone plate at or near thedistal end 404.

In certain embodiments (not shown), the distal end 404 may include oneor more fixation features 416 and the proximal end 402 may not includeone or more arms 408. In such embodiments, the body 406 may include abend, twist, or curve along its length. The bend, twist, or curve may bedesigned, configured, or engineered such that the one or more fixationfeatures 416 can contact a medial surface of the long bone and theproximal end 402 is positioned above an anterior surface or a posteriorsurface of the long bone. In such an embodiment, the proximal end 402may include one or more fastener openings 414 and/or one or morefastener features.

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a medial bone plate 500 a deployed on along bone, according to one embodiment. The medial bone plate 500 a mayhave structures, features, and functions, operations, and configurationsimilar to that of the bone plate 400 described in relation to FIG.4A-4E. Accordingly, the medial bone plate 500 a may include a proximalend 502, distal end 504, body 506, one or more arms 508, one or morefastener openings 514, a distal fixation feature 516, a superior surface518, a bone-facing surface 520 (not shown), and one or more elbows 522.In the illustrated embodiment, the medial bone plate 500 a has a longerbody 506 such that the arms 508 are positioned above a fracture 524.

The femur 102 includes a proximal epiphysis 501, a proximal metaphysis503, diaphysis 505, a distal metaphysis 507, and a distal epiphysis 509.In one embodiment, the proximal end 502 is near the proximal epiphysis501 of the femur 102. The distal end 504 is near a medial epicondyle 510of the femur 102. The medial bone plate 500 a includes a first arm 508 anear a proximal end 502 of the medial bone plate 500 a. The medial boneplate 500 a also includes a second arm 508 b between a distal fixationfeature 516 and the first arm 508 a. The second arm 508 b may extendfrom the body 506 over an anterior side of the femur 102. Alternatively,or in addition, the second arm 508 b may extend from the body 506 over aposterior side of the femur 102.

“Epiphyses” refers to the rounded end of a long bone, at long bone'sjoint with adjacent bone(s). Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (thelong midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including theepiphyseal plate (growth plate). At the joint, the epiphysis is coveredwith articular cartilage; below that covering is a zone similar to theepiphyseal plate, known as subchondral bone. (Search ‘epiphysis’ onWikipedia.com 17 Jun. 2022. Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.)“Metaphysis” refers to the neck portion of a long bone between theepiphysis and the diaphysis. The metaphysis contains the growth plate,the part of the bone that grows during childhood, and as the metaphysisgrows the metaphysis ossifies near the diaphysis and the epiphyses.(Search ‘metaphysis’ on Wikipedia.com 17 Jun. 2022. Modified. AccessedAug. 1, 2022.) “Diaphysis” refers to the main or midsection (shaft) of along bone. The diaphysis is made up of cortical bone and usuallycontains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat). The diaphysis is a middletubular part composed of compact bone which surrounds a central marrowcavity which contains red or yellow marrow. In diaphysis, primaryossification occurs. (Search ‘diaphysis’ on Wikipedia.com 17 Jun. 2022.Modified. Accessed Aug. 1, 2022.)

Referring now to FIGS. 4A, 5A, and 5B, the present disclosure includesdifferent embodiments of a bone plate that includes a low-profilefixation assembly 430, 540, 560. A low-profile fixation assembly 430,540, 560 is a type of fastener, fixation system, fixation assembly,assembly, and/or fixator specifically designed, engineered, and/orconfigured to have no profile, or a very low profile, or a minimalheight profile. In connection with a low-profile fixation assembly 430,540, 560 height refers to a distance that the fixation assembly (and/orits members) extends above and/or below a reference point, referencesurface, reference line, and/or reference axis. In the illustratedembodiments, the reference surface may be surface (e.g., superiorsurface 418) of a fastener such as a bone plate 500 a,b.

A low-profile fixation assembly 430, 540, 560 can be advantageousbecause the low-profile fixation assembly 430, 540, 560 can be used inareas where fixation is desired but other anatomic structures are inclose proximity to one side or portion or aspect of an implant when theimplant is deployed to a desired position, location, or orientation. Forexample, a medial side of a femur 102 can include a variety of importantsoft tissues such as a neurovascular bundle, a femoral artery, and thelike which are positioned in close proximity to the surface of themedial side of the femur 102. In procedures where an implant is to bedeployed between the medial cortex of the femur 102 and these importantsoft tissues a low-profile fixation assembly 430, 540, 560 can be usedbecause the low-profile fixation assembly 430, 540, 560 does not impinge(or may minimally impinge) on the important soft tissues, does notrequire a surgical approach from the medial side of the medial side ofthe long bone, and still provides sufficient stability, securement, andfixation of the implant to the femur 102.

Advantageously, a low-profile fixation assembly 430, 540, 560 can have avariety of configurations, features, components, structures, members,and/or implementations. In certain embodiments, the low-profile fixationassembly 430, 540, 560 may be characterized by how a fastener orfastener assembly or apparatus approaches the low-profile fixationassembly 430, 540, 560 to activate or engage the low-profile fixationassembly 430, 540, 560 for deployment and fixation. For example, in oneembodiment an end or portion of an implant can be slid percutaneouslybetween important soft tissues (or other anatomical structures) and asurface or side of a long bone such that the implant is positioned onone side of the long bone (e.g., femur 102) but fixation of thelow-profile fixation assembly 430, 540, 560 is accomplished byapproaching the implant from any side other than the side the implant isdeployed on. The present disclosure includes a few examples forillustration. More details of the low-profile fixation assembly 430,540, 560 are described below in the illustrative examples.

In FIG. 4A, one example of the low-profile fixation assembly 430includes an arm 408 that extends towards the long bone and an elbow 422and does not extend away from the long bone any distance above thesuperior surface 418. Similarly, in FIG. 5A, the low-profile fixationassembly 540 includes first arm 508 a and a second arm 508 b that extendtowards the long bone and one or more elbows 522 and does not extendaway from the long bone any distance above the superior surface 518.Also in FIG. 5B, the low-profile fixation assembly 560 includes afastener 528 that engages the medial bone plate 500 b from a lateralside of the long bone and thus does not extend away from the long boneany distance above the superior surface 518.

FIG. 5B is a perspective view of a medial bone plate 500 b deployed on along bone, according to one embodiment. The long bone depicted as atransparent depiction of a femur 102 and is shown from a perspectivethat shows the medial side 570 and the anterior side 574 of the femur102. The lateral side 572 is opposite the medial side 570 and is shownin FIG. 5B by way of the transparent view of the long bone. Theposterior side 576 is opposite the anterior side 574 and is shown inFIGS. 5B and 5L by way of the transparent view of the long bone.

The medial bone plate 500 b may have many structures, features, andfunctions, operations, and/or configuration similar to that of themedial bone plate 500 a described in relation to FIG. 5A, like parts areidentified with the same reference numerals. Accordingly, the medialbone plate 500 a may include a proximal end 502, distal end 504, body506, one or more fastener openings 514, and a distal fixation feature516.

The medial bone plate 500 b includes a body 506 and a low-profilefixation assembly 560. The body 506 includes a proximal end 502, distalend 504, a superior surface 518 and a bone-facing surface 520. Thesuperior surface 518 faces away from a long bone (away from the medialside 570) when the medial bone plate 500 b is in use. The bone-facingsurface 520 faces the medial side 570 of the long bone when the medialbone plate 500 b is in use.

In certain embodiments, the medial bone plate 500 b can be deployedpercutaneously through an incision near the distal end of the femur 102.The medial bone plate 500 b can be slide along the surface of the medialside 570 of the femur 102. Advantageously, the medial bone plate 500 bcan be slide between important soft tissues positioned along the medialside 570 and the surface of the medial side 570 of the femur 102.

With the medial bone plate 500 b positioned on or near the surface ofthe medial side 570 and between skin surface and important soft tissuesbelow the skin surface, the low-profile fixation assembly 560 enablesfixation of the proximal end 502 of the medial bone plate 500 b byengaging and/or approaching the proximal end 502 from any other side ofthe femur 102 besides the medial side 570. Thus, embodiments of thelow-profile fixation assembly 560 can complete fixation byaspects/features that approach from the lateral side 572, anterior side574, and/or posterior side 576.

In certain embodiments, a low-profile fixation assembly can include asingle piece or a plurality of components that cooperate to provide thefixation. In one example, the low-profile fixation assembly may includeone or more arms or tabs that extend from an implant body (See FIG. 4A)that include fastener openings and a set of fasteners configured toengage with the fastener openings and engage with a long bone to fixateat least a portion of an implant to the long bone. In one example, thelow-profile fixation assembly 560 may include a fastener deployed from alateral side 572 that engages the bone first and then engages with theimplant (or a fastener opening of the implant).

A fastener deployed from a non-medial side of a bone that engages withbone first and then engages with an implant or corresponding aspect of afastener assembly is referred to herein as a bone-approach fastener. Thecorresponding aspect of a fastener assembly engaged by the bone-approachfastener is referred to herein as a bone-approach fixation feature. Oneexample of a bone-approach fixation feature is an opening withininternal threads the correspond to external threads of a bone-approachfastener. In contrast, a fastener deployed such that fastener engageswith an implant (e.g., a bone plate) or corresponding aspect of afastener assembly first and then engages with bone is referred to hereinas a plate-approach fastener. The corresponding aspect of a fastenerassembly engaged by the plate-approach fastener is referred to herein asa plate-approach fixation feature. One example of a bone-approachfixation feature is an opening within a bone plate sized to accept theplate-approach fastener. Another example of a bone-approach fixationfeature may be external threads on the plate-approach fastener thatengage bone when the plate-approach fastener is deployed.

In another example, the low-profile fixation assembly 560 may include anopening in the implant, a pair of buttons and a tether that extendsbetween the buttons. In yet another example, the low-profile fixationassembly 560 may include a coupler of the implant that engages with atether connected to an anchor anchored in one of the lateral side 572,anterior side 574, and/or posterior side 576 of the femur 102.

In the illustrated embodiment, the medial bone plate 500 b differs fromthe medial bone plate 500 a because the low-profile fixation assembly560 includes a lateral approach fastener opening 526.

In one embodiment, a lateral approach fastener opening 526 is a fasteneropening configured to accept a lateral approach fastener 528. A lateralapproach fastener 528 is a fastener designed to engage with an implantor a corresponding feature of a fixator from a lateral side of a bone.The lateral approach fastener opening 526 and lateral approach fastener528 may be part of the low-profile fixation assembly 560.

A lateral approach fastener opening 526 can be implemented in a varietyof ways. In the illustrated embodiment, the lateral approach fasteneropening 526 is a set of internal threads (not shown) of an opening thatare configured to engage external threads 536 of lateral approachfastener 528 that passes through the long bone. The lateral approachfastener opening 526 may extend from the bone-facing surface 520 towardsthe superior surface 518. In one embodiment, the lateral approachfastener opening 526 may extend all the way through from the bone-facingsurface 520 and through the superior surface 518. In another embodiment,the lateral approach fastener opening 526 may extend partially from thebone-facing surface 520 toward the superior surface 518 but not passthrough the superior surface 518.

Advantageously, the lateral approach fastener 528 is deployed from alateral side of the long bone so as to avoid a neurovascular bundleand/or femoral artery near the medial side of the long bone. Those ofskill in the art will recognize a variety of different designs for anon-medial side approach fastening system such as the example lateralapproach fastener opening 526 and lateral approach fastener 528presented here, each of which is considered within the scope of thepresent disclosure.

In another embodiment, the low-profile fixation assembly 560 may notinitially include a lateral approach fastener opening 526 formed in thebody 506. Instead, the lateral approach fastener 528 may include an endconfigured to pierce the body 506 and thereby form a lateral approachfastener opening 526 as the lateral approach fastener 528 is deployed(e.g., self-tapping).

In certain embodiments, a lateral approach fastening system is oneexample of non-medial side approach fastening system. In one embodiment,an opposite side approach fastening system is one that can include twocomponents one on one side of a body part or section of tissue and oneon an opposite of the body part or section of tissue. An opposite sideapproach fastening system can be used in relation to a medial-lateralaxis, an anterior-posterior axis, a superior-inferior axis, acephalad-caudal axis, and the like.

FIG. 5C is a perspective view of a lateral approach fastener 528 for usewith the medial bone plate of FIG. 5B, according to one embodiment. Thelateral approach fastener 528 can include a head 530 and a shank 532. Inone embodiment, the head 530 may be angled to engage with bone whendeployed. The shank 532 can include two sets of threads, coarse threads534 and fine threads 536. The coarse threads 534 may have a greaterpitch to facilitate purchase of the threads in bone of the long bone.The fine threads 536 may include smaller pitch that matches the pitch ofinternal threads of a lateral approach fastener opening 526 to provideenhanced engagement and fixation with a medial bone plate 500 b.

FIG. 5D is a top view of a head 530 of the lateral approach fastener 528of FIG. 5C, according to one embodiment. The head 530 can include adrive recess 538. The drive recess 538, or other torque-receiving isconfigured to receive a drive member of a fastening tool (not shown)used to install the lateral approach fastener 528. The drive recess 538can be configured to have any one of a variety of shapes includingslotted, Torx, Torx plus, Philips, Quadrex, Pozidriv, square recess,tri-wing, spanner, or the like. The drive recess 538 can be centered ona longitudinal axis of the lateral approach fastener 528 which alignswith a longitudinal axis of a lateral approach fastener opening 526 whenthe lateral approach fastener 528 is inserted into the opening. Ofcourse, those of skill in the art recognize that the shape andconfiguration of the drive member and the drive recess 538 can bereversed and thus comprise an embodiment within the scope of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 5E is a front view of a bone plate of FIG. 5B, according to oneembodiment. The bone plate may be a medial bone plate 500 b having asuperior surface 518 that faces away from the long bone when the boneplate 500 b is in use. The superior surface 518 may have a variety ofconfigurations. In the illustrated embodiment, the superior surface 518extends along the body 506 which can be elongate and configured toextend along a medial side of the long bone. The superior surface 518may extend to, and/or include, the distal fixation feature 516 thatincludes fastener openings 514 for deploying fasteners to secure themedial bone plate 500 b to the long bone.

FIG. 5F is a rear view of a bone plate of FIG. 5B, according to oneembodiment. The bone plate may be a medial bone plate 500 b having abone-facing surface 520 that faces a first side of the long bone whenthe bone plate is in use. The bone-facing surface 520 may have a varietyof configurations. In the illustrated embodiment, the bone-facingsurface 520 extends along the body 506 which can be elongate andconfigured to extend along a medial side/medial cortex of the long bone.The bone-facing surface 520 and/or superior surface 518 may include oneor more bends such that the contour of the medial bone plate 500 bsubstantially matches a contour of the medial side of the long bone. Thebone-facing surface 520 may also include a concave section that iscontoured to substantially match the contour of a medial epicondyle ofthe long bone. In one embodiment, the bone-facing surface 520 faces amedial side of the long bone when the medial bone plate 500 b is in use.The medial side may be referred to herein as a first side of the longbone.

FIG. 5G is a side view of a bone plate of FIG. 5B showing a side of themedial bone plate 500 b that faces anteriorly when the bone plate 500 bis deployed, according to one embodiment. FIG. 5G illustrates a profilefor the low-profile fixation assembly 560. In the illustratedembodiment, the low-profile fixation assembly 560 may include a lateralapproach fastener opening 526 and a lateral approach fastener 528 (Notshown in FIG. 5G, See FIG. 5B). Advantageously, the low-profile fixationassembly 560 extends no distance above the superior surface 518 andextends for the length of the lateral approach fastener 528 from thebone-facing surface 520 when the lateral approach fastener 528 isdeployed. Consequently, the low-profile fixation assembly 560 has aprofile that is no longer than a length of the lateral approach fastener528, for lateral approach fastener 528 that are sized to enter thelateral approach fastener opening 526 but not extend above the superiorsurface 518. In certain embodiments, the lateral approach fasteneropening 526 may extend from the bone-facing surface 520 but not extendpast and connect to the superior surface 518. In such an embodiment, thelow-profile fixation assembly 560 may have an even smaller profile.

FIG. 5H is a side view of a bone plate of FIG. 5B showing a side thatfaces posteriorly when the bone plate is deployed, according to oneembodiment. FIG. 5G illustrates the same profile for the low-profilefixation assembly 560 as shown in FIG. 5G, but from the opposite side.In the illustrated embodiment, the low-profile fixation assembly 560 mayinclude a lateral approach fastener opening 526 (not visible in FIG. 5H)and a lateral approach fastener 528 (Not shown in FIG. 5G, See FIG. 5B).The low-profile fixation assembly 560 is one example of a low-profilefixation assembly that extends no distance past an implant in onedirection and extends a limited distance past the implant in an oppositedirection.

FIG. 5I is a cross-section view of a bone plate deployed on a long bonetaken along line 5I-5I of FIG. 5B, according to one embodiment. FIG. 5Iillustrates one example of a low-profile fixation assembly 560 thatincludes a fastener opening (e.g., lateral approach fastener opening526) that extends from the bone-facing surface 520 into the body 506 ofthe bone plate 500 b.

In one embodiment, the fastener opening extends to, and includes, thesuperior surface 518. In another embodiment, the fastener openingextends into the body 506 and stops short of the superior surface 518.In one embodiment, the fastener opening is near the proximal end 502. Inone embodiment, the fastener opening includes internal threads.

The low-profile fixation assembly 560 also includes a fastener (e.g.,lateral approach fastener 528). The fastener includes a proximal end578, a distal end 580, and external threads 582 near the distal end 580.The external threads 582 are configured to engage with internal threadsof the fastener opening (e.g., lateral approach fastener opening 526) ofthe medial bone plate 500 b. The fastener may have a greater length thana diameter of the long bone near the fastener opening (e.g., lateralapproach fastener opening 526). The distal end 580 of the fastenerenters the fastener opening from the bone-facing surface 520 andadvances towards the superior surface 518 by way of the external threads582 engaging with the internal threads of the fastener opening. Saidanother way, the fastener approaches the bone-facing surface 520 andmoves within the fastener opening towards the superior surface 518.

FIG. 5J is a cross-section view of a bone plate deployed on a long bonetaken along line 5I-5I of FIG. 5B a showing an alternative fastenerassembly, according to one embodiment. FIG. 5J illustrates similarstructures, features, and functions, operations, and configuration tothat of FIG. 5I. The difference is that FIG. 5J illustrates analternative design 562 for the low-profile fixation assembly 560.

The low-profile fixation assembly 562 may include an anchor opening 564,an anchor 566, a head 568, and tether 569. The anchor opening 564 mayextend from the bone-facing surface 520 through to the superior surface518 and through the superior surface 518. The anchor 566 may sit nearthe superior surface 518. The head 568 is configured to sit near anotherside of the long bone when the medial bone plate 500 b is installed. Inone embodiment, the head 568 may sit on or near a side opposite the sidethe bone-facing surface 520 faces. In another embodiment, the head 568may sit on or near a side different from the side the bone-facingsurface 520 faces. In one embodiment, the head 568 is a button thatincludes holes configured to receive an end of the tether 569.

The anchor opening 564 is configured to accept and/or secure an anchor566. In one embodiment, the anchor 566 is a button that includes holesconfigured to receive an end of the tether 569. In one embodiment, theanchor 566 may be integrated into the anchor opening 564. For example,the anchor 566 may be a hook or other extension member that extends intothe anchor opening 564.

The tether 569 may be a flexible material that can connect the head 568and the anchor 566. In one embodiment, the tether 569 is a suture havingone or more ends tied or connected to the head 568 and one or more endstied or connected to the anchor 566. The tether 569 may reside within abone tunnel 567.

“Head” refers to a device, apparatus, member, component, system,assembly, module, subsystem, circuit, or structure, organized,configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to have a prominent rolein a particular feature, function, operation, process, method, and/orprocedure for a device, apparatus, member, component, system, assembly,module, subsystem, circuit, or structure the includes, is coupled to, orinterfaces with the head. In certain embodiments, the head may sit atthe top or in another prominent position when interfacing with and/orcoupled to a device, apparatus, member, component, system, assembly,module, subsystem, circuit, or structure. The term “tether” is usedherein to mean any strand or flexible member, natural or synthetic, ableto join or connect or couple two structures or components. In oneembodiment, a tether can join tissue of a patient and/or to be anchoredin a bone tunnel or to hard tissue and useful in a surgical procedure. Atether may join two structures either directly by connecting directly toone structure or directly to the other or indirectly by connectingindirectly (by way of one or more intermediary structures) to onestructure, to the other structure, or to both structures. In certainembodiments, “tether” refers to a flexible line or flexible member ofnatural material, natural biological material, biomaterial, biomimeticmaterials, manmade material, or a combination of these either in asingle tether, a composite tether, or a plurality of tissue tethers thatextend in parallel and/or may be woven or bonded together. In certainembodiments, a tether may be long and thin. In certain embodiments, atether may be planar and/or may be elastic or inelastic (rigid).Examples of a tether include, but are not limited to, a thread, astring, a polymer thread or line, a tendon graft, a ligament graft, ahamstring graft, soft tissue, a tendon, a ligament, a suture, suturetape, a woven tether, a fibrous material, a cord, and/or any of these incombination with each other, and the like. As used herein, an “anchor”refers to an apparatus, instrument, structure, member, part, device,component, system, or assembly structured, organized, configured,designed, arranged, or engineered to secure, retain, stop, and/or hold,an object to or at a fixed point, position, or location. Often, ananchor is coupled and/or connected to a flexible member such as atether, chain, rope, wire, thread, suture, suture tape, or other likeobject. Alternatively, or in addition, an anchor may also be coupled,connected, and/or joined to a rigid object or structure. In certainembodiments, an anchor can be a fixation device. Said another way, afixation device can function as an anchor.

FIG. 5K is a close-up view of a bone plate deployed on a long bone,according to one embodiment. FIG. 5K illustrates one example of alow-profile fixation assembly 430. The low-profile fixation assembly 430includes an arm 408, at least one fastener 432, and at least onefastener opening 414. The arm 408 may include a superior surface 409that faces away from the long bone and an inferior surface 411 thatfaces a side of the long bone when the bone plate 400 is in use.

In one embodiment, the arm 408 extends from the body 406 in either ananterior direction (towards an anterior side of a bone when the boneplate 400 is in use) or in a posterior direction (towards a posteriorside of a bone when the bone plate 400 is in use). The fastener 432 isconfigured to engage with the arm 408 to fixate the proximal end 402 tothe long bone. In one embodiment, the fastener 432 may create its ownopening in the arm 408 (self-tapping).

In one embodiment, the fastener opening 414 extends through the arm 408from the superior surface 409 to the inferior surface 411. The fasteneropening 414 may include internal threads 413. In one embodiment, thefastener 432 includes external threads 415 that engage a side (differentfrom a side faced by the bone-facing surface 420 of the body 406) of thelong bone (the fastener opening 414 may not include internal threads).The external threads 415 may also engage the internal threads 413 of thefastener opening 414 in embodiments that include internal threads 413.

In one embodiment, the fastener 432 engages the fastener opening 414 bypassing first through the fastener opening 414 and then into a side ofthe long bone. In other words, the fastener 432 may be deployed from aside of the long bone faced by the superior surface 409.

In another embodiment, the fastener 432 engages the fastener opening 414by passing first through a side other than a side faced by thebone-facing surface 420 of the body 406, then through a side faced bythe superior surface 409 and then into the fastener opening 414. Forexample, the fastener 432 may pass through a side opposite the sidefaced by the superior surface 409, then into the side faced by thesuperior surface 409, and then into the fastener opening 414. In oneexample, the fastener 432 may pass through a posterior side of the longbone, then into an anterior side of the long bone, and then into thefastener opening 414. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that thearm 408 may extend from the 406 out over one or more sides of the longbone.

FIG. 5L is a perspective posterior view of a medial bone plate 500 cdeployed on a long bone, according to one embodiment. The medial boneplate 500 c includes a low-profile fixation assembly 540. The embodimentof FIG. 5L may be similar to the embodiment of FIG. 5A in that themedial bone plate 500 c includes two arms (e.g., first arm 508 a, secondarm 508 b). As in FIG. 5K, the second arm 508 b, like the first arm 508a, may include a superior surface 409 that faces away from long bone andan inferior surface 411 that faces a side different from the side facedby the bone-facing surface 420/520 of the body 406/506. The second arm508 b and/or the first arm 508 a may each extend in one of an anteriordirection and a posterior direction or both in the same direction. Inthe illustrated embodiment, the first arm 508 a extends in a posteriordirection (out over, or around, or above, the posterior side 576 of thebone) and the second arm 508 b extends in an anterior direction (outover, or around, or above, the posterior side 576 of the bone) when themedial bone plate 500 c is in use. One or more fasteners may engage withthe first arm 508 a and/or the second arm 508 b to fixate the medialbone plate 500 c to the long bone.

In the illustrated embodiment, the first arm 508 a may extend around toa posterior side of the long bone. Accordingly, the first arm 508 a maybe referred to as posterior arm and may include posterior fasteneropening. A posterior fastener may engage the posterior fastener opening514. Similarly, the second arm 508 b may extend around to an anteriorside of the long bone. Accordingly, the second arm 508 b may be referredto as an anterior arm and may include an anterior fastener opening 514.An anterior fastener may engage the anterior fastener opening 514.

FIG. 5M illustrates one example of a method 590 for deploying a medialbone plate on a distal end of a femur of a patient according to oneembodiment. Referring now to FIGS. 5B and 5M, in certain embodiments,the method 590 begins with a user positioning 592 a medial bone plate500 b on a medial side 570 of a distal end of a femur 102 of thepatient. In certain embodiments, the user positions the medial boneplate 500 b by sliding the medial bone plate 500 b retrograde andpercutaneously from a medial incision near the distal end of the femur102 toward the proximal end of the femur 102. Thus in certainembodiments, the method 590 may include opening skin of the patientproximal to a distal end of the femur 102 and percutaneously sliding themedial bone plate 500 b along the medial side 570 of the femur 102 withparts of the femur 102 in reduction. Of course, a surgeon may positionthe medial bone plate 500 b using other techniques and steps.

In one embodiment, the medial bone plate 500 b may be slid along themedial cortex surface of the femur 102. Once the distal end 504 of themedial bone plate 500 b rests above, or against, the medial epicondyleof the femur 102.

In one embodiment, the medial bone plate 500 b may include a body 506that includes a proximal end 502, a distal end 504, a superior surface518 that faces away from the femur 102, and a bone-facing surface 520that faces the medial side 570 of the femur 102 once the medial boneplate 500 b is positioned. In this embodiment, the medial bone plate 500b may include a bone-approach fixation feature and a plate-approachfixation feature near the distal end 504 that includes one or morefastener openings 514. The distal fixation feature 516 is one example ofa plate-approach fixation feature. The low-profile fixation assembly 560is one example of a bone-approach fixation feature. As explained above,a bone-approach fixation feature is a fixation feature in which one ormore parts of the fixation system/assembly are deployed, on, in, around,or through bone before the part(s) engage and perform the fixation.Likewise, a plate-approach fixation feature is a fixation feature inwhich one or more parts of the fixation system/assembly are deployed,on, in, around, or through a bone plate before the part(s) engage boneand perform the fixation.

In the illustrated embodiment of the method 590, next, a surgeon maydeploy 594 a bone-approach fastener (e.g., low-profile fixation assembly560) to engage (or fixate) the bone-approach fixation feature. In oneexample embodiment, this may be done by driving a bone-approach fastener(e.g., lateral approach fastener 528) through one of a lateral side, ananterior side, and a posterior side of the femur 102. Said another way,a surgeon may drive a bone-approach fastener through a side of the bone(e.g., femur 102) other than the medial side 570, the side with themedial bone plate 500 b. After the bone-approach fastener is driventhrough a side of the bone, the bone-approach fastener may engage abone-approach fixation feature (e.g., lateral approach fastener opening526) to complete deployment of the bone-approach fastener. It should benoted that a bone-approach fastener will generally engage, pass through,or interact with bone before engaging with other aspects of a fixationassembly.

Next, a surgeon may deploy 596 one or more plate-approach fasteners toengage the plate-approach fixation feature. This can be accomplished forexample by driving the plate-approach fastener through the medial boneplate 500 b and into the medial cortex of the femur 102. In certainembodiments, the plate-approach fastener may be driven through fasteneropenings 514 of a distal fixation feature 516. Alternatively, or inaddition, the plate-approach fastener may be driven through the body 506forming its own opening and into the epicondyle. After a surgeon deploys596 one or more plate-approach fasteners, the method may end.

In certain embodiments, deployment of bone-approach fasteners to engagebone-approach fixation features may include opening skin of the patienton a side of the femur that aligns with the bone-approach fixationfeature and deploying a K-wire through the skin opening to serve as aguide for the bone-approach fastener. In one embodiment, driving thebone-approach fastener includes driving the bone-approach fastener overa deployed K-wire.

FIG. 6A is a perspective view of a lateral bone plate 600 deployed on along bone, such as a femur 102, according to one embodiment. The lateralbone plate 600 includes a body 602, a proximal end 604, and a distal end606. The body 602 is configured to contact a lateral surface of a shaft608 of a long bone, such as a femur 102. The proximal end 604 of thelateral bone plate 600 includes a first connector 610 and the distal end606 of the lateral bone plate 600 includes a second connector 612.

The body 602 and/or first connector 610 and/or second connector 612 maybe manufactured to have a variety of lengths, widths, and/or thicknessesthat may each individually and/or collectively be based on a variety offactors. Such factors may include but are not limited to patient age,gender, health condition, the facture type and position, the long bonetype, and the like.

In certain embodiments, the lateral bone plate 600 may include a singleconnector: either a first connector 610 or a second connector 612. Thefirst connector 610 and/or second connector 612 can engage, or beconnected to, a corresponding extender. In the illustrated embodiment,the first connector 610 can be connected to a proximal extender 614 andthe second connector 612 can be connected to a distal extender 616.

The connectors 610, 612 enable the lateral bone plate 600 to beadaptable to a variety of different fixation needs or configurations fora patient for which a surgeon has decided to use an intramedullary nail,such as embodiments of the lateral bone plate 600. The connectors 610,612 enable the lateral bone plate 600 to be considered a modular lateralbone plate 600 that can accommodate a variety of needs and deploymentscenarios.

FIGS. 6B, 6C, 6D, 6E, 6F, and 6G are front view, rear view, distal endview, proximal end view, left side view, and right side viewrespectively of the lateral bone plate of FIG. 6A, according to oneembodiment. The lateral bone plate 600 can include a plurality offastener openings 618. The plurality of fastener openings 618 may bepositioned at a variety of locations along a length of the lateral boneplate 600, including on, or within, one or more extenders (e.g.,proximal extender 614 and/or distal extender 616). Alternatively, or inaddition, the plurality of fastener openings 618 may be included in oneor more of the connectors (e.g., first connector 610 and/or secondconnector 612). The figures include multiple examples of one or morefastener openings 618, not all of which are identified with a referencenumeral to aide in readability of the figures. In addition, a user mayinclude one or more fasteners along a length of the lateral bone plate600 with a head of the fastener impinging (i.e. pinching) the lateralbone plate 600 against a cortex of the bone.

Alternatively, or in addition, the body 602, first connector 610, secondconnector 612, proximal extender 614, and/or distal extender 616 may notinclude one or more openings such as fastener opening 618. Instead, thebody 602, first connector 610, second connector 612, proximal extender614, and/or distal extender 616 may be made from a material that permitsa fastener to penetrate the body 602, first connector 610, secondconnector 612, proximal extender 614, and/or distal extender 616 andthereby tap its own opening.

In certain embodiments, the connectors (e.g., first connector 610 and/orsecond connector 612) can include two parts: one part connected to thelateral bone plate 600 and another part connected to an extender. Forexample, FIGS. 6B-6E illustrate a proximal plate part 620 connected to aproximal end 604 of the lateral bone plate 600 and a distal plate part622 connected to a distal end 606 of the lateral bone plate 600.

FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the lateral bone plate 600 of FIG. 6A andproximal extender 614 and a distal extender 616, according to oneembodiment. FIG. 7 illustrates how the proximal extender 614 and/ordistal extender 616 can connect to the lateral bone plate 600 usingconnectors (e.g., first connector 610 and/or second connector 612) for avariety of fixation needs of a patient. In certain embodiments, thefirst connector 610 includes a proximal plate part 620 of the lateralbone plate 600 and a proximal extender part 624 of the proximal extender614 and the second connector 612 includes a distal plate part 622 of thelateral bone plate 600 and a distal extender part 626 of the distalextender 616.

Those of skill in the art will recognize that a variety of differentconnector designs may be used for one or more of the connectors. Each ofthese designs is within the scope of the present disclosure. In theillustrated embodiment, the first connector 610 and second connector 612are configured such that the parts of the lateral bone plate 600slidably engage with the corresponding part of the extender (e.g.,proximal extender 614/distal extender 616). In certain embodiments, theconnectors are configured such that the extenders can be positioned atvarious positions longitudinally along the lateral surface of the longbone, (e.g., femur 102). FIG. 7 illustrates extenders that include aplurality of fastening positions 628 within a slot of each of theextenders.

The extenders (e.g., proximal extender 614 and/or distal extender 616)may be used as primary fixation devices each alone or in combinationwith a body 602. For example, a proximal extender 614 can be usedwithout a body 602 or a distal extender 616. Similarly, distal extender616 can be used without a body 602 or a proximal extender 614. The body602 can be used with one of the distal extender 616 and the proximalextender 614. Or, a distal extender 616 and a proximal extender 614 canbe used without a body 602. Alternatively, or in addition, the extendersmay be used to provide secondary/supplemental fixation together withother fixation devices/techniques for fixation regardless of a positionof a fracture (i.e., mid, distal, proximal sections of a long bone) orthe type of bone (e.g., femur, tibia, humerus, etc.). In addition, oneor more extenders may be used together with an intramedullary nailassembly 100 or intramedullary nail system 200 without the body 602.

FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, 8E, and 8F are front view, rear view, bottom view,top view, right side view, and left side view respectively of a distalextender, according to one embodiment. As explained above, the distalextender 616 may include a plurality of fastener openings 618 configuredto receive a variety of different fasteners, such as bone fasteners. Thediameters of the plurality of fastener openings 618 may each be the sameor may be different among the plurality of fastener openings 618.

In one embodiment, the distal extender 616 may include a slot 630 thatpasses through the distal extender part 626. The slot 630 may serve toaccept a fastener that secures the distal extender part 626 to acorresponding distal plate part 622 when the lateral bone plate 600 anddistal extender 616 are deployed together. In one embodiment, the distalextender part 626 and distal plate part 622 can be secured to each otherthrough the slot 630 and a set screw (see FIG. 14A) that may engagethreads of a fastener opening in the distal plate part 622.Advantageously, the slot 630 enables an operator to position the distalextender 616 relative to the lateral bone plate 600 at an almostinfinite number of positions along the slot 630. In this manner, a usercan adapt a lateral bone plate 600 and distal extender 616 to particularneeds of a patient and/or a fixation scenario.

FIG. 8C illustrates one example of how the distal extender part 626 canslidably engage with the distal plate part 622. The distal extender part626 can include a pair of lips 632 that slidably engage the distal platepart 622 when the two parts are joined.

The distal extender 616 may include one or more fixation features 634.The fixation feature 634 is a section of the distal extender 616contoured and/or configured to conform to the contour of a portion of asurface of cortex bone adjacent to the distal extender 616 once thedistal extender 616 is deployed on a lateral surface of a long bone(e.g., a distal end of the lateral surface of a femur 102).Consequently, the configuration, size, and shape of the fixation feature634 may vary depending on where the distal extender 616 is installed. Inone embodiment, the fixation feature 634 is contoured to engage with,and/or contact a surface of a lateral condyle of a long bone, such as afemur 102.

FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, and 9F are front view, rear view, bottom view,top view, right side view, and left side view respectively of a proximalextender, according to one embodiment. As explained above, the proximalextender 614 may include a plurality of fastener openings 618 configuredto receive a variety of different fasteners, such as bone fasteners. Thediameters of the plurality of fastener openings 618 may each be the sameor may be different among the plurality of fastener openings 618.

In one embodiment, the proximal extender 614 may also include a slot 630that passes through the proximal extender part 624. The slot 630 mayserve to accept a fastener that secures the proximal extender part 624to a corresponding proximal plate part 620 when the lateral bone plate600 and proximal extender 614 are deployed together. In one embodiment,the proximal extender 614 and proximal plate part 620 can be secured toeach other through the slot 630 and a set screw (see FIG. 14A) that mayengage threads of a fastener opening in the proximal plate part 620.Advantageously, the slot 630 enables an operator to position theproximal extender 614 relative to the lateral bone plate 600 at analmost infinite number of positions along the slot 630. In this manner,a user can adapt a particular lateral bone plate 600 and proximalextender 614 to particular needs of a patient and/or a fixationscenario.

FIG. 9C illustrates one example of how the proximal extender part 624can slidably engage with the proximal plate part 620. The proximalextender part 624 can include a pair of lips 632 that slidably engagethe proximal plate part 620 when the two parts are joined.

The proximal extender 614 may include one or more fixation features 634.The fixation feature 634 is a section of the proximal extender 614contoured and/or configured to conform to the contour of a portion of asurface of cortex bone adjacent to the proximal extender 614 once theproximal extender 614 is deployed on a lateral surface of a long bone(e.g., a proximal end of the lateral surface of a femur 102).Consequently, the configuration, size, and shape of the fixation feature634 may vary depending on where the proximal extender 614 is installed.In one embodiment, the fixation feature 634 is contoured to engage with,and/or contact a surface of an upper extremity such a surface alongsidethe gluteal tuberosity and/or a greater trochanter of a long bone, suchas a femur 102.

In one embodiment, the proximal extender 614 may also include a topopening 636 and one or more neck openings 638. The top opening 636 mayserve to reduce the size, weight, and surface area of the fixationfeature 634 that covers a part of the long bone. Furthermore, the topopening 636 can be configured to provide structural support and rigidityto the fixation feature 634. The size and shape of the top opening 636can vary in different embodiments of the proximal extender 614.

The neck openings 638 may also serve to reduce the size, weight, andsurface area of the proximal extender 614 that covers a part of the longbone. Furthermore, the neck openings 638 can be configured to providestructural support and rigidity to a neck section of the proximalextender 614. The size and shape of the neck openings 638 can vary indifferent embodiments of the proximal extender 614. In one embodiment,the neck openings 638 are oval shaped.

FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D are front view, rear view, bottom view, topview respectively of a proximal extender, according to one embodiment.As explained above, the proximal extender 640 may include a plurality offastener openings 618 configured to receive a variety of differentfasteners, such as bone fasteners. The diameters of the plurality offastener openings 618 may each be the same or may be different among theplurality of fastener openings 618.

In one embodiment, the proximal extender 640 may also include amulti-position slot 642 that passes through a proximal extender part644. The multi-position slot 642 may serve to accept a fastener thatsecures the proximal extender part 644 to a corresponding proximalextender part 644 when the lateral bone plate 600 and proximal extender640 are deployed together. In one embodiment, the proximal extender 640and proximal extender part 644 can be secured to each other through themulti-position slot 642 and a set screw (see FIG. 14A) that may engagethreads of a fastener opening or another opening in the proximal platepart 620. Advantageously, the multi-position slot 642 enables anoperator to position the proximal extender 640 relative to the lateralbone plate 600 using one or more predefined positions along themulti-position slot 642. In this manner, a user can adapt a particularlateral bone plate 600 and proximal extender 640 to particular needs ofa patient and/or a fixation scenario.

FIG. 10C illustrates one example of how the proximal extender part 644can slidably engage with the proximal plate part 620. The proximalextender part 644 can include a pair of lips 632 that slidably engagethe proximal plate part 620 when the two parts are joined.

The proximal extender 640 may include one or more fixation features 634.The fixation feature 634 is a section of the proximal extender 640contoured and/or configured to conform to the contour of a portion of asurface of cortex bone adjacent to or in contact with the proximalextender 640 once the proximal extender 640 is deployed on a lateralsurface of a long bone (e.g., a proximal end of the lateral surface of afemur 102). Consequently, the configuration, size, and shape of thefixation feature 634 may vary depending on where the proximal extender640 is installed. In one embodiment, the fixation feature 634 iscontoured to engage with, and/or contact a surface of an upper extremitysuch a surface alongside the gluteal tuberosity and/or a greatertrochanter of a long bone, such as a femur 102.

In one embodiment, the proximal extender 640 may also include a topopening 646 and one or more neck openings 638. The top opening 646 mayserve to reduce the size, weight, and surface area of the fixationfeature 634 that covers a part of the long bone. Furthermore, the topopening 646 can be configured to provide structural support and rigidityto the fixation feature 634. The size and shape of the top opening 646can vary in different embodiments of the proximal extender 640. In oneembodiment, the top opening 646 can include an opening 648 between thefastener openings 618 of a fixation feature 634. The opening 648 mayfacilitate more flexibility in the positioning of parts of a fixationfeature 634 during deployment.

The neck openings 638 may also serve to reduce the size, weight, andsurface area of the proximal extender 614 that covers a part of the longbone. Furthermore, the neck openings 638 can be configured to providestructural support and rigidity to a neck section 650 of the proximalextender 640. The size and shape of the neck openings 638 can vary indifferent embodiments of the proximal extender 640. In one embodiment,the neck openings 638 are oval shaped.

FIGS. 11A, 11B, 11C, 11D, 11E, and 11F are front view, rear view, bottomview, top view, right side view, and left side view respectively of aproximal extender, according to one embodiment. The proximal extender660 may have structures, features, and functions, operations, andconfiguration similar to that of the proximal extender 614 described inrelation to FIG. 9A-9F and/or the proximal extender 640 described inrelation to FIG. 10A-10D. Accordingly, the proximal extender 660 mayinclude a proximal extender part 624/644, fastener openings 618,multi-position slot 642, a fixation feature 662, a neck section 650,neck openings 638, lips 632, and the like.

A main difference between the proximal extender 660 and the proximalextender 614 and/or proximal extender 640 may be a configuration of thefixation features. In FIGS. 11A-11F, the proximal extender 660 includesa fixation feature 662 that is smaller than the exemplary fixationfeatures 634 of the proximal extender 614 and/or the proximal extender640.

The present disclosure discloses surgical devices, systems, and/ormethods for fixation in relation to fractures of a long bone of apatient. Existing fixators and/or fixation devices, methods, or stepsfor long bone fractures are limited.

It is desirable that bone plates be as thin, short, light weight, andflexible as possible. However, bone plates with such characteristics mayprovide sufficient limited torsional stiffness but insufficient bendingstiffness of a long bone when used in isolation. Intramedullary nailsmay provide sufficient bending stiffness but limited torsionalstiffness. A fixation system is needed that includes a thinner and/ormore suitably flexible bone plate and an intramedullary nail thattogether provide the desired or sufficient bending stiffness andtorsional stiffness of the long bone with a facture. It may also bedesirable to minimizing thickness of the bone plate, that connects to acortex of the long bone.

“Stiffness” refers to the extent to which an object, structure, device,component, member, system, or assembly resists deformation in responseto an applied force. It should be noted that the elastic modulus of amaterial is not the same as the stiffness of a component made from thatmaterial. Elastic modulus is a property of the constituent material;stiffness is a property of a structure or component of a structure, andhence stiffness is dependent upon various physical dimensions thatdescribe that component. That is, the modulus is an intensive propertyof the material; stiffness, on the other hand, is an extensive propertyof the solid body, object, structure, device, component, member, system,or assembly that is dependent on the material and its shape and boundaryconditions. (Search “stiffness” on Wikipedia.com May 11, 2022. CC-BY-SA3.0 Accessed Jul. 26, 2022. Modified.) Bending stiffness refers to ameasure for stiffness of an object, structure, device, component,member, system, or assembly in relation to bending the object,structure, device, component, member, system, or assembly. Bendingstiffness refers to a measure of how much or how far an object,structure, device, component, member, system, or assembly will bendbefore breaking, deforming, or failing. Torsional stiffness refers to ameasure for stiffness of an object, structure, device, component,member, system, or assembly in relation to twisting or applying a torqueto the object, structure, device, component, member, system, orassembly. Torsional stiffness refers to a measure of how much or how faran object, structure, device, component, member, system, or assemblywill twist before breaking, deforming, or failing.

“Rigidity” refers to the quality or state of being rigid; want ofpliability; the quality of resisting change of form; the amount ofresistance with which a body opposes change of form. (Search “rigidity”on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Accessed 26 Jul. 2022.)

“Sufficient” refers to enough of any quantity, attribute, aspect,characteristic, feature, function, and/or functionality to meet a need,purpose, objective, metric, and/or goal (Search “sufficient” onwordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Modified Accessed 4 Aug. 2022.) Inthe context of a surgical procedure, instrument, system, assembly,construct, and/or implant, “Sufficient” can mean that the apparatus,system, and/or method provides a desired characteristic and/or for arequisite amount of time to promote and/or enable proper healing ofanatomical structures of a patient.

“Insufficient” refers to an amount of any quantity, attribute, aspect,characteristic, feature, function, and/or functionality that fails tomeet a need, purpose, objective, metric, and/or goal. Insufficient isgenerally the opposite of sufficient. (Search “sufficient” onwordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Modified Accessed 4 Aug. 2022.) Inthe context of a surgical procedure, instrument, system, assembly,construct, and/or implant, “Insufficient” can mean that the apparatus,system, and/or method fails to provide a desired characteristic and/orfor a requisite amount of time to promote and/or enable proper healingof anatomical structures of a patient.

FIG. 12A is a perspective view of a lateral bone plate andintramedullary nail both deployed on and within a long bone, such as afemur 102 according to one embodiment. FIG. 12B illustrates the fixationsystem 1200 of FIG. 12A deployed on and within a long bone using a linedrawing and FIG. 12C illustrates the fixation system 1200 of FIG. 12Apositioned as when deployed on and within a long bone without the longbone shown for clarity.

FIGS. 12A, 12B, and 12C illustrate a fixation system 1200 that includesan intramedullary nail 1202 and a bone plate 1204. The intramedullarynail 1202 and/or bone plate 1204 used in the fixation system 1200 mayinclude one or more embodiments described herein or may be various otherembodiments of an intramedullary nail 1202 and/or a bone plate 1204. Forexample, the intramedullary nail 1202 may be the intramedullary nailassembly 100 or intramedullary nail 202 or a different embodiment of anintramedullary nail. In one embodiment, the intramedullary nail 1202 isa straight intramedullary nail, one that does not have an offset section116 on either end. Similarly, the bone plate 1204 may be the medial boneplate 500 a, the lateral bone plate 600, a modular bone plate with oneor more connectors for extenders, or a bone plate having a predefinedlength. In addition, the bone plate 1204 may include one or morefixation features 634 and/or one or more extenders.

FIG. 12D is a perspective view of the lateral bone plate and anintramedullary nail both positioned as when deployed on and within along bone, with the long bone not shown for clarity, according to oneembodiment. FIG. 12D illustrates that the intramedullary nail 1202 canbe one such as intramedullary nail 202 that is straight and does notinclude an offset section 116 or one that includes an offset section 116(e.g., feature 1216) as illustrated in FIG. 12C.

Advantageously, the fixation system 1200 includes an intramedullary nail1202 and bone plate 1204 that, each deployed alone, do not providesufficient fixation of the long bone, but when deployed together doprovide a desired level of fixation of the long bone. Because theintramedullary nail 1202 and bone plate 1204 are part of a fixationsystem 1200 that provides sufficient fixation when deployed, one or theother or both of the intramedullary nail 1202 and the bone plate 1204can be made from more light weight, thinner, less expensive, lighter,and less rigid materials than if one or the other or both of theintramedullary nail 1202 and bone plate 1204 were used alone to providefixation of the long bone.

In one embodiment, the intramedullary nail 1202 includes a proximal end1210, a distal end 1212, and a shaft 1214. The proximal end 1210corresponds to a proximal end of a long bone when the intramedullarynail 1202 is deployed. The distal end 1212 corresponds to a distal endof a long bone when the intramedullary nail 1202 is deployed. The shaft1214 interconnects the proximal end 1210 and the distal end 1212.

In certain embodiments, the intramedullary nail 1202 also includes afeature 1216, or means for, deploying the intramedullary nail 1202retrograde into the intramedullary canal from the distal end of the longbone. In one embodiment, the feature 1216 is configured to enabledeployment of the intramedullary nail 1202 from the distal end of thelong bone, where the long bone includes a knee prosthesis that covers orblocks, all or part of a medial condyle and/or a lateral condyle, and/ordistal access to the intramedullary canal. The feature 1216 can beimplemented in a variety of ways some examples of which have beenincluded herein. For example, the section 116 may serve as the feature1216. Alternatively, or in addition, the adapter 204 may serve as thefeature 1216. Alternatively, or in addition, a driver of an inserter maybe configured to serve as the feature 1216.

In one example embodiment, the bone plate 1204 is a lateral bone plateor a lateral modular bone plate configured to contact a lateral surfaceof the long bone. Alternatively, or in addition, the bone plate 1204 maybe a bone plate 400, an anterior bone plate, a posterior bone plate, asuperior bone plate, an inferior bone plate, or the like. In oneembodiment, the bone plate 1204 can be configured to be thinner and lessweight and more flexible than conventional bone plates because the boneplate 1204 is deployed as part of a fixation system 1200 that includesanother fixation device (e.g., an intramedullary nail 1202). In certainembodiments, the bone plate 1204 is so thin and/or flexible that thebone plate 1204 provides insufficient fixation without another fixationsystem or device such as an intramedullary nail 1202. Advantageously,using a more flexible bone plate 1204 may promote, or at least notinhibit, desired bone healing in relation to one or more fractures.Alternatively, or in addition, the bone plate 1204 may be rigid orresilient.

Alternatively, or in addition, in one embodiment, the intramedullarynail 1202 can be configured to be thinner and less weight and moreflexible than conventional intramedullary nails because theintramedullary nail 1202 is deployed as part of a fixation system 1200that includes another fixation device (e.g., a bone plate 1204). Incertain embodiments, the intramedullary nail 1202 is so thin, short,and/or flexible that the intramedullary nail 1202 provides insufficientfixation without another fixation system or device such as bone plate1204. Advantageously, using a more flexible and/or light weightintramedullary nail 1202 may reduce costs, and/or promote, or at leastnot inhibit, desired bone healing in relation to one or more fractures.

The lateral bone plate may include one or more fastener openings 618.The lateral bone plate may also include one or more fixation features516/634. The lateral bone plate may include one or more fasteners 1218that may pass through the fastener openings 618 and engage the bone.Fasteners 1218 can also be used to lock the intramedullary nail 1202 tothe bone by engaging openings 132 of the intramedullary nail 1202.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a fixation system 1200 that includes abone plate 1204, such as a lateral bone plate, and an intramedullarynail 1202 both deployed on and within a long bone, according to oneembodiment. In certain embodiments, the flexible bone plate 1204 andintramedullary nail 1202 can be deployed on a long bone that includes aprosthesis such as a knee prosthesis, a hip prosthesis, and/or one ormore fixation prosthesis. Alternatively, or in addition, the flexiblebone plate 1204 and intramedullary nail 1202 can be deployed on a longbone that has no prosthesis (i.e., a native long bone, no joint orfixation prostheses). FIG. 13 illustrates that while one or morefasteners 1218 can be used to secure the intramedullary nail 1202 to thebone and/or the bone plate 1204 to the bone, one or more fasteners 1218can also be used to secure the bone plate 1204 to the intramedullarynail 1202 (see fasteners 1218 a). In one embodiment, a fastener can bedriven through fastener openings 618 or tap its own opening in anintramedullary nail 1202 made of a material that accepts penetration bythe fastener.

Referring now to FIGS. 12A-12C and 13 , a method for deployment of thefixation system 1200 may include techniques for deployment of one of anintramedullary nail assembly 100 or intramedullary nail system 200 anddeployment of a bone plate 400 and/or lateral bone plate 600, done inany order. In one embodiment, a surgeon may deploy an intramedullarynail assembly 100 or intramedullary nail system 200 followed bydeployment of a lateral bone plate 600. As part of deploying the lateralbone plate 600, a surgeon may also deploy fasteners, or anotherfastening system, through the lateral bone plate 600 that engage or lockwith the intramedullary nail assembly 100 or intramedullary nail system200.

FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 14C are perspective view, top view, and bottom viewrespectively of a fastener 1400, according to one embodiment. In oneembodiment, the fastener 1400 is a set screw that includes externalthreads 1402 and a drive feature 1404 or drive recess.

In one embodiment, the external threads 1402 serve to engage internalthreads of a fastener opening 132, 414, 514, 618 and/or a connectoropening 652 formed in one of a proximal plate part 620, distal platepart 622 or a proximal extender part 624 or distal extender part 626. Incertain embodiments, a proximal extender part 624 may fit over aproximal plate part 620 and a distal extender part 626 may fit over adistal plate part 622 and the proximal plate part 620 and distal platepart 622 may each include one or more connector openings 652. In such aconfiguration, the external threads 1402 of the fastener 1400 may engageinternal threads of the connector opening 652 and draw the fastener 1400toward the proximal plate part 620 or distal plate part 622. A side wall1406 of the fastener 1400 may taper from narrower to wider such that asthe fastener 1400 enters the connector opening 652 the side wall engagesa proximal extender part 624 or distal extender part 626.

The drive feature 1404, drive recess, or other torque-receiving isconfigured to receive a drive member of a fastening tool (not shown)used to install the fastener 1400. The drive feature 1404 can beconfigured to have any one of a variety of shapes including slotted,Torx, Torx plus, Philips, Quadrex, Pozidriv, square recess, tri-wing,spanner, or the like. The drive feature 1404 can be centered on alongitudinal axis of the fastener 1400 which aligns with a longitudinalaxis of a fastener opening 618 when the fastener 1400 is inserted intothe opening. Of course, those of skill in the art recognize that theshape and configuration of the drive member and the drive feature 1404can be reversed and thus comprise an embodiment within the scope of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a fastener 1500, according to oneembodiment. The fastener 1500 may include similar parts to the fastener1400 illustrated in FIG. 14 . Thus, the fastener 1500 may includeexternal threads 1502 and a drive feature 1504 (not shown) which may bestructured and may function similarly to the external threads 1402 anddrive feature 1404. The fastener 1500 may also include a shaft 1506 withbone threads 1508. The fastener 1500 can be used in a fastener opening132, 414, 514, 618 and/or a connector opening 652. The bone threads 1508may be configures and spaced relative to each other and have a pitchthat facilitates purchase into the bone as the fastener 1500 isinserted.

FIG. 16A illustrates a solid body in relation to bending stiffness,according to one embodiment. FIG. 16A illustrates the concept of bendingstiffness by way of a solid body 1602 that experiences a bending force1604 (represented by double head arrow 1604). The solid body 1602 mayinclude a proximal end 1606 and a distal end 1608. The solid body 1602has some degree of elasticity.

The bending force 1604 may be applied to the solid body 1602 at anypoint. A solid body 1602 may be most susceptible to a bending force 1604at its ends (e.g., proximal end 1606 or distal end 1608), particularlywhere one end is fixed while the other end experiences the bending force1604. Generally, bending stiffness may be measured in newtons per meteror pounds per inch.

FIG. 16A illustrates the solid body 1602 having its proximal end 1606fixed and its distal end 1608 free and exposed to the bending force1604. FIG. 16A illustrates a dial 1610 that can be used to indicate alevel, degree, or measure of bending stiffness. As used herein, a dialrefers to a face upon which some measurement is registered usually bymeans of graduations and a pointer, such as a needle. (“dial.”Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 6 Jan. 2021. Modified.)The dial 1610 may include a pointer or needle 1612 that indicates ameasure or amount of stiffness for an object. The dial 1610 may bedivided into one or more sections, for example, three sections 1614,1616, 1618 each divided by one or more thresholds 1620 a,b. Section 1614may represent levels of stiffness that are insufficient for a particularuse case or purpose and may be bounded by a zero or initial startingpoint 1622 and first threshold 1618 a. Section 1616 may represent levelsof stiffness that are sufficient and/or satisfactory for a particularuse case or purpose and may be bounded by first threshold 1618 a andsecond threshold 1618 b. Section 1618 may represent levels of stiffnessthat are more than sufficient and/or more than satisfactory for aparticular use case or purpose and may be bounded by second threshold1618 b and maximum level 1624. Alternatively, or in addition, section1618 may represent levels of stiffness that are also insufficient and/ornot satisfactory for a particular use case or purpose. For example,where too much stiffness exists this may result in other problems thatare to be avoided. In the example, of FIG. 16A, the solid body 1602 hasa bending stiffness that falls into section 1616 which is sufficient forthe intended use of the solid body 1602 and indicated by needle 1612.

The amount of bending force 1604 the solid body 1602 can experiencedepends on a number of factors and/or properties of the solid body 1602and its environment. As used herein, “property” refers to any attribute,characteristic, trait, element, aspect, quality, data value, setting, orfeature of an object or thing. As used herein, bending stiffness refersto an extensive property of an object, system, assembly, or apparatus,such as solid body 1602. Similarly, torsional stiffness is an extensiveproperty and depends on a number of factors and/or properties of thesolid body 1602 and its environment.

“Extensive property” refers to a physical property of a material,structure, object, and/or system. physical properties of materials andsystems can be categorized as being either intensive or extensive,according to how the property changes when the size (or extent) of thesystem changes. According to International Union of Pure and AppliedChemistry (IUPAC), an intensive quantity is one whose magnitude isindependent of the size of the system, whereas an extensive quantity isone whose magnitude is additive for subsystems.

An intensive property does not depend on the system size or the amountof material in the system. An intensive property is not necessarilyhomogeneously distributed in space; an intensive property can vary fromplace to place in a body of matter and radiation. Examples of intensiveproperties include temperature, T; refractive index, n; density, ρ; andhardness of an object, η.

By contrast, extensive properties such as the mass, volume and entropyof systems are additive for subsystems. An intensive property is aphysical quantity whose value does not depend on the amount of substancewhich was measured. An extensive property is a physical quantity whosevalue is proportional to the size of the system it describes, to thequantity of matter in the system, and/or that is dependent on thematerial and its shape and boundary conditions. For example, the mass ofa sample is an extensive quantity; it depends on the amount ofsubstance. The related intensive quantity is the density which isindependent of the amount. (Search “intensive and extensive properties”and “stiffness” on Wikipedia.com Jul. 24, 2022. CC-BY-SA 3.0 AccessedJul. 26, 2022. Modified.)

FIG. 16B illustrates a solid body 1602 in relation to torsionalstiffness, according to one embodiment. FIG. 16B includes the solid body1602 and dial 1610 in relation to torsional stiffness. The solid body1602 may experience a torque or twisting force 1626 (represented bydouble head arrow 1626). The dial 1610 includes the section 1614,section 1616, section 1618, and first threshold 1618 a and secondthreshold 1618 b. The needle 1628 represents a measure of the twistingforce 1626 that the solid body 1602 can experience before failing andthat is sufficient for the intended use of the solid body 1602. In theexample, of FIG. 16B, the solid body 1602 has a torsional stiffness thatfalls into section 1616 which is sufficient for the intended use of thesolid body 1602 and indicated by needle 1628.

Conventional treatments combining an intramedullary nail and a boneplate for a procedure do not provide a satisfactory result in healing ofthe long bone. In particular, doing so may contribute tostress-shielding and/or to non-unions. Those of skill in the art willappreciate that the interface between an intramedullary nail and theintramedullary canal, an interface between bone fasteners that engagewith the intramedullary nail and the intramedullary nail, and/or aninterface between the a head of the bone fasteners and a cortex of thelong bone can provide unstable torsional stiffness and stable bendingstiffness. Similarly, a bone plate of 4 mm thickness or less can have aninterface between the bone plate and fasteners that engage the boneplate and the bone that provide unstable bending stiffness and stabletorsional stiffness. The present disclosure provides a fixation system,assembly, apparatus and/or construct that provides both a stabletorsional stiffness and stable bending stiffness using an intramedullarynail and a bone plate together where the bone plate is less than 4 mmthick.

“Nonunion” refers to a condition of a bone fracture in which the has nothealed or shown radiographical signs of healing progression since aminimum of nine months have elapsed since the injury, i.e., no change inthe fracture callus, for the final three months (i.e., six months to beconsidered a nonunion plus three additional months to verify that thenonunion is established). (Food and Drug Administration. “GuidanceDocument for Industry and CDRH Staff for the Preparation ofInvestigational Device Exemptions and Premarket Approval Applicationsfor Bone Growth Stimulator Devices.” United Stated: Office of theFederal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (1998).Modified.) “Stress shielding” refers to the reduction in bone density(osteopenia) as a result of removal of typical stress from the bone byan implant (for instance, the femoral component of a hip prosthesis).(Search “stress shielding” on Wikipedia.com Mar. 6, 2022. CC-BY-SA 3.0Accessed Jul. 26, 2022.)

The present disclosure provides a system, method, and apparatus forusing an intramedullary nail and bone plate to treat a long bonefracture. The present disclosure combines an intramedullary nail havingsufficient bending stiffness and insufficient torsional stiffness with abone plate having sufficient torsional stiffness and insufficientbending stiffness.

The solid body 1602 of FIGS. 16A and 16B are representative of anyconstruct, system, apparatus, assembly, component, or the like. Forexample, the solid body 1602 can be representative of an intramedullarynail secured within an intramedullary canal of a long bone and/or thesolid body 1602 can be representative of a bone plate secured to anexterior of a long bone. The intramedullary nail and the bone plate mayor may not be fixated to each other.

FIG. 17A illustrates an intramedullary nail, according to oneembodiment. In one embodiment, the intramedullary nail is a nail such asintramedullary nail 101 described above that includes an offset section116. The intramedullary nail 101 is configured to engage with a femur102 that includes a bone fracture. The intramedullary nail 101 includesa first bending stiffness indicated by needle 1612 on dial 1610. Thedial 1610 also includes needle 1628 indicating a first torsionalstiffness of intramedullary nail 101. Needle 1612 indicates that thefirst bending stiffness is sufficient (between threshold 1618 a andthreshold 1618 b) for a planned long bone fixation procedure. Needle1628 indicates that the first torsional stiffness is insufficient(between starting point 1622 and threshold 1618 a) to stabilize the bonefracture independent of a bone plate. Consequently, if theintramedullary nail 101 is used alone for the planned long bone fixationprocedure the femur 102 will experience sufficient bending stiffness tosupport the desired healing, but not sufficient torsional stiffness.

FIG. 17B illustrates a bone plate, according to one embodiment. In oneembodiment, the bone plate is a bone plate such as bone plate 1204(e.g., a lateral bone plate, of course a medial bone plate such asmedial bone plate 500 b can be used). The bone plate 1204 is configuredto engage with a lateral side of a femur 102 that includes a bonefracture. The bone plate 1204 includes a second bending stiffnessindicated by needle 1612 on dial 1610. The dial 1610 also includesneedle 1628 indicating a second torsional stiffness of bone plate 1204.Needle 1612 indicates that the second bending stiffness is insufficient(between starting point 1622 and threshold 1618 a) to stabilize the bonefracture independent of an intramedullary nail. Needle 1628 indicatesthat the second torsional stiffness is sufficient (between threshold1618 a and threshold 1618 b) for a planned long bone fixation procedure.Consequently, if the bone plate 1204 is used alone for the planned longbone fixation procedure the femur 102 will experience insufficientbending stiffness to support the desired healing, but sufficienttorsional stiffness.

The present disclosure describes a solution. Rather than useintramedullary nail 101 or bone plate 1204 alone, deploy both together(indicated by the plus sign between FIGS. 17A and 17B, which results inFIG. 17C). FIG. 17C illustrates the intramedullary nail of FIG. 17A andthe bone plate of FIG. 17B deployed together with fasteners, accordingto one embodiment. FIGS. 17A and 17B and 17C include the aspects oftorsional stiffness and bending stiffness as these exist in a fixationconstruct, apparatus, or system that includes deployment of theseimplants in a long bone such as a femur 102 as illustrated in FIG. 17C.A bone fracture is between a distal end 104 and a proximal end 106 ofthe intramedullary nail 101.

The dial 1610 in FIG. 17C illustrates the bending stiffness 1612 andtorsional stiffness 1628 for a femur fixation system 1700, rather thanfor an intramedullary nail 101 or bone plate 1204 individually. Theneedle 1612 indicates that the bending stiffness for the femur fixationsystem 1700 is sufficient (between threshold 1618 a and threshold 1618b) to stabilize the bone fracture. Needle 1628 indicates that thetorsional stiffness for the femur fixation system 1700 is sufficient(between threshold 1618 a and threshold 1618 b) to stabilize the bonefracture. In this manner a stiffness extensive property of theintramedullary nail 101 and a stiffness extensive property of the boneplate 1204 combined to provide sufficient bending stiffness andsufficient torsional stiffness for the femur fixation system 1700.

By deploying the intramedullary nail 101 inside the femur 102 and thebone plate 1204 outside the femur 102 along a cortex, such as thelateral cortex, stiffness features of the intramedullary nail 101 andthe bone plate 1204 can be used to complement and support each other foran optimal femur fixation system 1700. Advantageously, combining theintramedullary nail 101 and the bone plate 1204 enables the sufficienttorsional stiffness of the bone plate 1204 to compensate for theinsufficient torsional stiffness of the intramedullary nail 101 and thesufficient bending stiffness of the intramedullary nail 101 tocompensate for the insufficient bending stiffness of the bone plate1204.

In certain embodiments, the sufficient torsional stiffness of the boneplate 1204 may augment the torsional stiffness of the intramedullarynail 101 and the sufficient bending stiffness of the intramedullary nail101 may augment the bending stiffness of the bone plate 1204.

With the intramedullary nail 101 and bone plate 1204 positioned as shownin FIG. 17B, fasteners may be deployed through the bone plate 1204. Incertain embodiments, one or more fasteners may engage with both the boneplate 1204 and the intramedullary nail 101 and/or one or more of thefasteners may engage with the bone plate 1204 and the bone, but notengage with the intramedullary nail 101. In one embodiment, at least onefastener engages with the bone plate 1204 and extends into the femur andalso engage with the intramedullary nail 101 such that the bone plate1204 and intramedullary nail 101 together provide sufficient torsionalstiffness and bending stiffness to stabilize the bone fracture.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 17B and 17C, the bone plate 1204includes a stiffness extensive property. The stiffness extensiveproperty can be identified using one or more of a torsional extensiveproperty and a bending extensive property. In one embodiment, atorsional extensive property is an extensive property relating totorsion. In one embodiment, the torsional extensive property relates totorsional stiffness. In one embodiment, a bending extensive property isan extensive property relating to bending. In one embodiment, thebending extensive property relates to torsional stiffness.

In the illustrated embodiment, the torsional extensive property for thebone plate 1204 is different from the bending extensive property.Advantageously, the bone plate 1204 is configured to select a desiredlevel for the torsional extensive property and the bending extensiveproperty in relation to the intramedullary nail 101 such that a desiredstiffness for the femur fixation system 1700 is accomplished. In oneembodiment, the femur fixation system 1700 includes a stiffnessextensive property that includes a torsional extensive property and abending extensive property of a bone plate (e.g., bone plate 1204) and atorsional extensive property and a bending extensive property of anintramedullary nail (e.g., intramedullary nail 101).

One benefit of using the femur fixation system 1700 is that the boneplate can be thinner that conventional lateral or medial bone plates fora femur. For example, the bone plate can have a thickness of less thanfour millimeters. Bone plates having a thickness of less than fourmillimeters has insufficient bending stiffness, however thisinsufficiency is compensated for by the bending stiffness of theintramedullary nail. Similarly, the thinner bone plate has a torsionalstiffness that compensates for insufficient torsional thickness of theintramedullary nail. Since the bone plate, particularly a lateral boneplate is close to the surface of the skin and there is little fat,padding, or other soft tissue between the skin surface and the boneplate, using a thinner bone plate can provide a more comfortablefixation solution for a patient.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that a variety of physicalcharacteristics, properties, and aspects of a bone plate can beadjusted, designed, or engineered to get a desired level of torsionalstiffness and/or bending stiffness. For example, changes in the shapeand/or configuration of the bone plate can be made to provide a boneplate having a different or desirable torsional stiffness and/or bendingstiffness. Alternatively, or in addition, the composition of the boneplate can be changed and/or engineered to provide a bone plate having adifferent or desirable torsional stiffness and/or bending stiffness.Alternatively, or in addition, a cross-sectional configuration of thebone plate can be changed and/or engineered to provide a bone platehaving a different or desirable torsional stiffness and/or bendingstiffness. Of course, the shape, composition, and/or cross-sectionalconfiguration can each be changes to produce a bone plate having atorsional stiffness that is different (greater than or less than) abending stiffness.

“Composition” refers to a compound artificial substance or material.Generally, a composition is a man-made material that is a composite ofmore than one material and/or element. Typically, a composition is asingle structure or object that includes the several parts and/orelements. (Search “composition” on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web.Modified Accessed 4 Aug. 2022.) “Composite” refers to an object orstructure made up of several parts and/or elements. Typically, acomposite is a single structure or object that includes the severalparts and/or elements. (Search “composite” on wordhippo.com. WordHippo,2022. Web. Modified Accessed 4 Aug. 2022.)

FIG. 18 illustrates a bone plate 1800 that has greater torsionalstiffness than bending stiffness, according to one embodiment. The boneplate 1800 includes a proximal end 1802, a distal end 1804, and aplurality of fastener openings 1806. The bone plate 1800 is an elongatestructure that has a shape configured such that a torsional stiffnessfor the bone plate 1800 is greater than a bending stiffness of the boneplate 1800. In the illustrated embodiment, the bone plate 1800 has aW-shape or Wave shape as a body of the bone plate 1800 extends betweenthe proximal end 1802 and the distal end 1804. Those of skill in the artwill appreciate that the “W” shape of the bone plate 1800 providesgreater torsional stiffness than if the bone plate 1800 were rectangularshaped.

“Wave shape” or “W” shape refers to any mechanical device, apparatus,body, base, protrusion, member, component, system, assembly, orstructure having a shape that resembles or mimics or conforms to ormatches one or more attributes of a letter “W” and/or of waves of a bodyof liquid such as, by example, waves of a sea, lake, ocean, or the like.The wave shape may include angles, bends, and or curves and may bepartial or complete. In other words, one or more parts of a structuremay resemble, be shaped like, or conform to one or more parts of a “W”letter and/or a wave. The “Wave shape” or “W” shape may be observed fromany side or perspective of the object or structure, including, but notlimited to any cross-section of the object or structure.

FIGS. 19A-19C illustrate cross-sectional configurations for a boneplate, according to one embodiment. Changing the cross-sectionalconfiguration of an object can change the torsional stiffness of theobject. “Cross-sectional configuration” refers to a configuration across-section of a device, apparatus, structure, or object. Across-sectional configuration may include openings, passages, voids,struts, braces, ridges, rails, and/or edges organized to implement aparticular cross-sectional configuration. As used herein, a “rail”refers to a structure that is longer than the structure is wide. Incertain embodiments, a rail may have a cross-section that resembles, issimilar to, and/or matches a capital letter “I” in a serif typeface. Arail may be made from a variety of materials including, but not limitedto, metal, plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, acrylic, carbon,biocompatible materials, biodegradable materials or the like. Often arail is made from plastic due to its lower expense, strength anddurability. A rail may also be formed of any biocompatible materials,including but not limited to biocompatible metals such as Titanium,Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steel alloys,nickel-titanium alloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol,biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatible polymers such as Polyetherether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others.A rail may be coupled to another component or integrated with and/orform part of another component or structure. In certain embodiments, arail may be configured or arranged to support another structure that maytranslate along, slide along, or otherwise move in relation to the rail.In certain embodiments, one rail may have a corresponding opposite railsuch that the two rails for a pair of rails. The pair of rails maycooperate to support another component or structure as that structuresmoves in relation to the pair of rails. As used herein, “edge” refers toa structure, boundary, or line where an object, surface, or area beginsor ends. An edge can also refer to a boundary or perimeter between twostructures, objects, or surfaces. An edge can also refer to a narrowpart adjacent to a border. (search “edge” on Merriam-Webster.com.Merriam-Webster, 2021. Web. 3 Aug. 2021. Modified.) In certainembodiments, an edge can be a one dimensional or a two dimensionalstructure that joins two adjacent structures or surfaces. Furthermore,an edge may be at a perimeter of an object or within a perimeter orboundary of an object.

FIG. 19A shows a transverse cross section for a body 406 of a bone plate400 that includes opposing rails 1902, 1904 on each long edge of thebone plate 400. The cross sectional configuration illustrated in FIG.19A may be referred to as a rail cross-section.

FIG. 19B shows a transverse cross section for a body 406 of a bone plate400 that includes opposing solid sections 1906, 1908 on each long edgewith a passage 1910 between the opposing solid sections 1906, 1908. Thepassage 1910 may extend from a proximal end of the bone plate 400 to adistal end or may partially extend between a proximal end and a distalend. The cross sectional configuration illustrated in FIG. 19B may bereferred to as a shell cross-section.

FIG. 19C shows a transverse cross section for a body 406 of a bone plate400 shaped like an I-beam. A top 1912 and bottom 1914 of the I mayextend along each long edge of the bone plate 400. The cross sectionalconfiguration illustrated in FIG. 19C may be referred to as an I-beamcross-section.

In certain embodiments, the cross sectional configurations illustratedin FIGS. 19A-19C may cause the bone plate 400 to have a torsionalstiffness greater than a bending stiffness for the bone plate 400.

FIG. 20 illustrates an example bone plate having greater torsionalstiffness than bending stiffness, according to one embodiment. The boneplate 2000 includes a proximal end 2002, a distal end 2004, and aplurality of fastener openings 2006. The bone plate 2000 is an elongatestructure that has a shape configured such that a torsional stiffnessfor the bone plate 2000 is greater than a bending stiffness of the boneplate 2000. The bone plate 2000 may include one or more torsionalstiffness features 2008 disposed along a longitudinal axis 2010. Atorsional stiffness feature 2008 is a structure that increases torsionalstiffness of a structure that includes the torsional stiffness feature2008.

In the illustrated embodiment, the torsional stiffness feature 2008 isan opening that extends from a superior surface 2012 to an inferiorsurface 2014 of the bone plate 2000. In one embodiment, the torsionalstiffness feature 2008 may have an oval, ellipse, or slot shape. Itshould be noted that the torsional stiffness feature 2008 can form arail cross-sectional configuration for parts of the bone plate 2000.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example bone plate 2100, according to oneembodiment. The bone plate 2100 includes a proximal end 2102, a distalend 2104, and a plurality of fastener openings 2106. The bone plate 2100is an elongate structure. In the illustrated embodiment, the bone plate2100 is a composite of two or more materials selected, design,engineered and positioned in the bone plate 2100 such that the boneplate 2100 has greater torsional stiffness than bending stiffness.

In one embodiment, the bone plate 2100 includes a lateral edge 2110 anda medial edge 2112. The lateral edge 2110 may extend between theproximal end 2102 and the distal end 2104. The medial edge 2112 mayextend between the proximal end 2102 and the distal end 2104.

In the illustrated embodiment, the material of the bone plate 2100 atthe lateral edge 2110 and the medial edge 2112 may be made from a firstmaterial and the bone plate 2100 between the lateral edge 2110 and themedial edge 2112 may be made from a second material. The first materialof the lateral edge 2110 and the medial edge 2112 may have a greatertorsional stiffness than the second material between the lateral edge2110 and the medial edge 2112. In one embodiment, the first material isless elastic than the second material. The bone plate 2100 is acomposite of two different materials. Of course, the bone plate 2100 canalso be a composite of two or more materials that are biocompatible witha patient.

Alternatively, or in addition, the lateral edge 2110 may be made from afirst material, a body of the bone plate 2100 between the lateral edge2110 and the medial edge 2112 may be made from a second material and themedial edge 2112 may be made from a third material.

FIG. 22 illustrates an example bone plate 2200, according to oneembodiment. The bone plate 2200 includes a proximal end 2202, a distalend 2204, and a plurality of fastener openings 2206. The bone plate 2200is an elongate structure. The bone plate 2200 includes a lateral edge2210 and a medial edge 2212. The lateral edge 2210 may extend betweenthe proximal end 2202 and the distal end 2204. The medial edge 2212 mayextend between the proximal end 2202 and the distal end 2204.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the aspects used inembodiments of FIGS. 18-21 can be combined to form a bone plate 2200that has a greater torsional stiffness than bending stiffness. The boneplate 2200 is one example. The bone plate 2200 may be a composite of twoor more materials with a first material used in the lateral edge 2210and medial edge 2212 and a second material used for a body of the boneplate 2200 between the lateral edge 2210 and medial edge 2212. Inaddition, the bone plate 2200 may be shaped in a shape (e.g., “W” shape)that increases torsional stiffness. Of course, the bone plate 2200 maybe made with a cross-sectional configuration that increases torsionalstiffness.

It should be noted that the same configurations, design, and/orengineering aspects applied to a bone plate in the examples of FIGS.18-22 can also be applied to an intramedullary nail to provide anintramedullary nail having a greater bending stiffness than torsionalstiffness.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example bone plate 2300, according to oneembodiment. The bone plate 2300 includes a proximal end 2302, a distalend 2304, and a plurality of fastener openings 2306. The bone plate 2300is an elongate structure. The bone plate 2300 includes a lateral edge2310 and a medial edge 2312. The lateral edge 2310 may extend betweenthe proximal end 2302 and the distal end 2304. The medial edge 2312 mayextend between the proximal end 2302 and the distal end 2304.

In the illustrated embodiment, the torsional stiffness of the bone plate2300 may be increased by including a first rail 2314 and a second rail2316. The first rail 2314 may be positioned near or along the lateraledge 2310 and may extend from a superior surface 2318 of the bone plate2300. The second rail 2316 may be positioned near or along the medialedge 2312 and may also extend from the superior surface 2318 of the boneplate 2300.

FIGS. 24A, 24B illustrate a top and a bottom perspective view of anexample bone plate 2400, according to one embodiment. The bone plate2400 includes a proximal end 2402, a distal end 2404, and a plurality offastener openings 2406. The bone plate 2400 is an elongate structure.The bone plate 2400 includes a lateral edge 2410 and a medial edge 2412.The lateral edge 2410 may extend between the proximal end 2402 and thedistal end 2404. The medial edge 2412 may extend between the proximalend 2402 and the distal end 2404.

In the illustrated embodiment, the torsional stiffness of the bone plate2400 may be increased by including a first rail 2414 and a second rail2416. The first rail 2414 may be positioned near or along the lateraledge 2410 and may extend from a superior surface 2418 of the bone plate2400. The second rail 2416 may be positioned near or along the medialedge 2412 and may extend from the inferior surface 2420 of the boneplate 2400. In certain embodiments, the bone plate 2400 may include afirst rail 2414 and/or a second rail 2416 that extend partially betweenthe proximal end 2402 and the distal end 2404. In certain embodiments,the bone plate 2400 may include a single rail (e.g., first rail 2414 orsecond rail 2416) extending from one surface (e.g., superior surface2418 or inferior surface 2420). Furthermore, those of skill in the artunderstand that one or more rails may extend at least part way betweenthe proximal end 2402 and the distal end 2404 and may be positioned on asurface of the bone plate 2400 at a position other than at one or theother of the lateral edge 2410 and the medial edge 2412.

FIG. 25 illustrates one example of a method 2500 for stabilizing a bonefracture in a femur of a patient according to one embodiment. In certainembodiments, the method 2500 begins and a user selects 2502 anintramedullary nail from a set of intramedullary nails. Eachintramedullary nail in the set includes a different bending stiffnessand an insufficient torsional stiffness to stabilize the bone fractureindependent of a bone plate. Next, a user selects 2504 a lateral boneplate from a set of lateral bone plates. Each lateral bone plate in theset includes a different torsional stiffness and an insufficient bendingstiffness to stabilize the bone fracture independent of theintramedullary nail. The different torsional stiffness of the selectedlateral bone plate together with the bending stiffness of the selectedintramedullary nail when secured to the femur provide sufficienttorsional stiffness and bending stiffness to stabilize the bone fractureand promote healing of the bone fracture.

Next, a user, such as a surgeon, prepares 2506 an intramedullary canalof a femur of the patient. In one embodiment, the intramedullary canalmay extend from a distal end of the femur to a proximal end of thefemur.

Next, a user, such as a surgeon, may deploy 2508 the selectedintramedullary nail into the intramedullary canal toward the proximalend of the femur. The user also deploys 2510 the selected lateral boneplate percutaneously along a lateral surface of the femur such that theselected lateral bone plate aligns with the selected intramedullarynail. The user then deploys 2512 one or more fasteners that fixate theselected lateral bone plate to the lateral surface of the femur and themethod 2500 ends.

In certain embodiments, after step 2510 and/or step 2512, a user maydeploy one or more fasteners that fixation the selected intramedullarynail to the femur 102.

The present disclosure discloses surgical devices, systems, and/ormethods for fixation in relation to fractures of a long bone of apatient. Existing fixators and/or fixation devices, methods, or stepsfor long bone fractures are limited.

Conventional techniques for addressing a fracture of a long bone,particularly for a femur 102, is to deploy an intramedullary nail and abone plate (medial bone plate, lateral bone plate, or both). However, ifthe procedure is done with a minimal number of incisions and theseincisions are as small as possible, the procedure can include advancingthe intramedullary nail within an intramedullary canal andpercutaneously advancing a bone plate along a medial side or a lateralside of a long bone such as a femur 102. Unfortunately, once theintramedullary nail and bone plate have been inserted a surgeon can findit a challenge to deploy a fastener meant to engage with both the boneplate and the intramedullary nail. Also, a surgeon can find it achallenge to deploy a fastener meant to engage or contact with the boneplate and bone but not the intramedullary nail. The present disclosureprovides a system, method, and apparatus to remediate these challenges.

FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a combined inserter 2600, according toone embodiment. The combined inserter 2600 is an inserter that enables asurgeon to deploy both an intramedullary nail, such as intramedullarynail 101, and a bone plate, such as bone plate 1204, using a singleinstrument.

The combined inserter 2600 may include a body 2610, an intramedullarynail coupler 2620, and a bone plate coupler 2630. The body 2610 includesa longitudinal axis 2612, a distal end 2614, and a proximal end 2616.The body 2610 is coupled to the intramedullary nail coupler 2620 and thebone plate coupler 2630.

An intramedullary nail coupler 2620 is a coupler that can couple thecombined inserter 2600 to an intramedullary nail, such as intramedullarynail 101. The intramedullary nail coupler 2620 serves to orient, guide,drive, and/or position an intramedullary nail 101 for deployment insidea patient. The combined inserter 2600 may have certain structures,features, and functions, operations, and configuration similar to thatof the inserter 300 a described in relation to FIG. 3A-3B. For example,the intramedullary nail coupler 2620 may correspond in design andconfiguration to the handle 310 and driver 320 discussed in relation toinserter 300 a, with their constituent components. FIG. 26 illustratesthe intramedullary nail coupler 2620 coupled to the intramedullary nail101 with the intramedullary nail 101 inserted into an intramedullarycanal of a long bone (e.g., a femur 102).

A bone plate coupler 2630 is a coupler that can couple the combinedinserter 2600 to a bone plate, such as bone plate 1204. The bone platecoupler 2630 serves to orient, guide, drive, and/or position a boneplate, such as bone plate 1204, for deployment inside a patient. Thebone plate coupler 2630 distinguishes the combined inserter 2600 fromthe inserter 300 a and inserter 300 b. Advantageously, the bone platecoupler 2630 includes one or more features that facilitate positioningand orienting the bone plate 1204 during deployment.

In one embodiment, the bone plate coupler 2630 includes a longitudinaltranslation feature 2640, a transverse feature 2650, and a rotationalfeature 2660. FIG. 26 illustrates a three-dimensional axis 2670. Thethree-dimensional axis 2670 includes a cephalad-caudal axis 2672, amedial-lateral axis 2674, and an anterior-posterior axis 2676.

FIG. 27 is a perspective view of a combined inserter 2700, according toone embodiment. The combined inserter 2700 includes structures,features, and functions, operations, and configuration very similar tothose of the combined inserter 2600 described in relation to FIG. 26 ,with like components having like numbers. Accordingly, the combinedinserter 2700 may include a body 2610, longitudinal axis 2612, distalend 2614, proximal end 2616, intramedullary nail coupler 2620, boneplate coupler 2630, and the like. The combined inserter 2700 includesembodiments of a longitudinal translation feature 2640, transversefeature 2650, and rotational feature 2660. Those of skill in the artwill appreciate that a variety of mechanical joints, mechanisms, andapparatuses may be used to implement the longitudinal translationfeature 2640, transverse feature 2650, and rotational feature 2660. Thepresent disclosure includes one or more examples.

A longitudinal translation feature 2640 is a feature that can positionand re-position a bone plate coupler 2630 along an axis (e.g.,longitudinal axis 2612). The longitudinal translation feature 2640serves to enable and facilitate translation of the bone plate coupler2630 along the longitudinal axis 2612 between the proximal end 2616 andthe distal end 2614 (see arrows 2702). The longitudinal axis 2612 runsgenerally parallel to the cephalad-caudal axis 2672 during deployment. Atransverse feature 2650 is a feature that can position and re-position abone plate coupler 2630 along an axis. The transverse feature 2650serves to enable and facilitate translation of the bone plate coupler2630 along a transverse axis (see arrows 2704) that is transverse to thelongitudinal axis 2612. In one embodiment, the transverse axis can bethe medial-lateral axis 2674. A rotational feature 2660 is a featurethat can position and re-position a bone plate coupler 2630 about anaxis. The rotational feature 2660 serves to enable and facilitaterotation of a bone plate about a longitudinal bone plate axis 2710 (seearrows 2706).

In one embodiment, the combined inserter 2700 includes an intramedullarynail coupler 2620 that includes a coupling 2720. The coupling 2720 is amechanism that enables a user to releasably connect the intramedullarynail coupler 2620 to the body 2610. In one embodiment, the coupling 2720is a bolt that threads into threads of an opening of an arm thatconnects the intramedullary nail coupler 2620 and the body 2610.

In certain embodiments, the combined inserter 2700 may include a singleapparatus that includes both an intramedullary nail coupler 2620 and abone plate coupler 2630. In another embodiment, a user may use a anindependent intramedullary nail coupler 2620 and an independent boneplate coupler 2630. These independent intramedullary nail coupler 2620and an independent bone plate coupler 2630 may be connectable using amechanism such as coupling 2720 for example.

In one embodiment, the combined inserter 2700 may include a separateintramedullary nail coupler 2620 and a separate bone plate coupler 2630that can be coupled preoperatively or intraoperatively using one or morecouplers such as coupling 2720 for example. Alternatively, or inaddition, the combined inserter 2700 may include a separateintramedullary nail coupler 2620 and a separate bone plate coupler 2630or a combined intramedullary nail coupler 2620 and bone plate coupler2630 that are coupled to a intramedullary nail 101 and/or a bone plate1204 each preoperatively or intraoperatively using for example a couplerof the intramedullary nail coupler 2620 and/or a coupler of the boneplate coupler 2630.

In the illustrated embodiment, the body 2610 of the combined inserter2700 includes a distal handle 2730 near the distal end 2614 and aproximal handle 2740 near the proximal end 2616. As used herein, a“handle” refers to a structure used to hold, control, or manipulate adevice, apparatus, component, tool, or the like. A “handle” may bedesigned to be grasped and/or held using one or two hands of a user.

The present disclosure includes a variety of designs for a separateinserter for a intramedullary nail 101, a separate inserter for a boneplate 1204, and/or a combined inserter. For example, the inserter may beimplemented as a combined inserter (both intramedullary nail 101 andbone plate 1204), as two separate inserters; a separate one for theintramedullary nail 101 and a separate one for the bone plate 1204.Alternatively, or in addition, the inserter may be implemented as twoseparate inserters (e.g., separate one for the intramedullary nail 101and a separate one for the bone plate 1204) that connect to each otheronce one or more implants are deployed inside the body of the patient tobecome a combined inserter and/or connects to one or more of theimplants once one or more implants are deployed inside the body of thepatient.

Also a variety of surgical techniques can be used with the variousembodiments of the inserter (both a combined inserter and two combinableinserters). In one example, the intramedullary nail 101 may be insertedwith a first inserter and the bone plate 1204 may then be inserted witha separate inserter. The bone plate 1204 may then be affixed to the boneand screws are put through either distally to go through theintramedullary nail 101 or miss the nail or proximally to either missthe intramedullary nail 101 or to miss a part of another implant such asa hip prosthesis. Alternatively, the screws may be deployed to gothrough the bone plate 1204 and go through a bone that does not includea intramedullary nail 101 or other prosthesis.

In another embodiment, the surgical technique may include inserting theintramedullary nail 101 with an intramedullary nail inserter and thenconnecting a bone plate inserter to the intramedullary nail inserter orthe intramedullary nail in a modular way. The connected intramedullarynail inserter and bone plate inserter may then register off of eachother to enable a user to connect the bone plate to the intramedullarynail 101 via the now combined inserter. Advantageously, the combinedinserter can include nail engagement openings 3312 and/or nail avoidanceopenings 3314 that give the surgeon the option of securing the boneplate 1204 to the intramedullary nail 101 or only to the bone missingboth a intramedullary nail 101 and/or another part of an implant that isdeployed or will be deployed into the patient.

FIG. 28 is a close up perspective view of combined inserter 2700,according to one embodiment. FIG. 28 illustrates one example of alongitudinal translation feature 2640. In the illustrated embodiment,the longitudinal translation feature 2640 may include a track 2750positioned in the body 2610 between the distal end 2614 and the proximalend 2616. The longitudinal translation feature 2640 may also include alatch 2760. “Track” refers to a physical course or way. (Search “track”on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Modified. Accessed 9 Aug. 2022.)In certain embodiments, a track is a structure configured to acceptanother object that can be moved to different positions, on, in, along,or within the track. “Latch” refers to a type of mechanical fastenerthat joins two (or more) objects or surfaces while allowing for theirregular separation. A latch may engage another piece of hardware on amounting surface. Depending upon the type and design of the latch, thisengaged hardware may be referred to as a keeper or strike. (Search“latch” on Wikipedia.com Aug. 1, 2022. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. AccessedAug. 9, 2022.) “Position” refers to a place or location. (Search“position” on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Modified. Accessed 9Aug. 2022.)

The track 2750 may include one or more offset positions 2752 and a nailalignment position 2754. An offset position 2752 is a position withinthe track 2750 that is different from or offset from the nail alignmentposition 2754. An offset position 2752 positions the bone plate coupler2630 such that a bone plate coupled to the bone plate coupler 2630 isoffset in relation to an intramedullary nail coupled to theintramedullary nail coupler 2620. An intramedullary nail and a boneplate are offset when the position and orientation of the intramedullarynail and bone plate relative to each other is not the desiredorientation and alignment that the intramedullary nail and bone platewill have when both are deployed within a patient.

A nail alignment position 2754 is a position within the track 2750, oranother component of the longitudinal translation feature 2640, where anintramedullary nail coupled to the intramedullary nail coupler 2620 isaligned with a bone plate coupled to the bone plate coupler 2630. Anintramedullary nail and a bone plate are aligned when the position andorientation of the intramedullary nail and bone plate relative to eachother is the desired orientation and alignment that the intramedullarynail and bone plate will have when both are deployed within a patient.

Advantageously, a user can rely on the intramedullary nail and boneplate being aligned relative to each other when at least thelongitudinal translation feature 2640 of the bone plate coupler 2630 isin the nail alignment position 2754. Said another way, the nailalignment position 2754 is a position that aligns the intramedullarynail and bone plate coupled to the combined inserter 2700 for deploymentwithin a patient.

A nail alignment position 2754 of a longitudinal translation feature2640 can be used to realign the intramedullary nail and bone plate afterthe bone plate coupler 2630 has been repositioned using the longitudinaltranslation feature 2640. Those of skill in the art will appreciate thatthe transverse feature 2650 and/or rotational feature 2660 may also havea nail alignment position. These nail alignment positions may serve thesame or a similar purpose as the nail alignment position 2754 withrespect to the associated feature (e.g., transverse feature 2650,rotational feature 2660). In certain embodiments, the nail alignmentpositions of the longitudinal translation feature 2640, transversefeature 2650, and/or rotational feature 2660 may be part of a deploymentconfiguration.

The latch 2760 serves to retain or secure the bone plate coupler 2630 inone of the offset positions 2752 or the nail alignment position 2754 andto permit the bone plate coupler 2630 to be moved to a different offsetposition 2752 and/or the nail alignment position 2754. In oneembodiment, the latch 2760 is a spring pin and the offset position 2752and/or nail alignment position 2754 are openings that receive the springpin.

FIG. 29 is a perspective view of a combined inserter 2700, according toone embodiment. The combined inserter 2700 is coupled to anintramedullary nail 101 and a bone plate 1204. FIG. 29 illustrates theposition and/or orientation of the intramedullary nail 101 and the boneplate 1204 with the longitudinal translation feature 2640 in the nailalignment position 2754. In the illustrated embodiment, theintramedullary nail 101 includes one or more fastener openings 2770 andthe bone plate 1204 includes one or more fastener openings 2772.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that deployment of theintramedullary nail 101 and the bone plate 1204 can be challenging wherethe bone plate 1204 is deployed percutaneously and the intramedullarynail 101 is deployed within the intramedullary canal. The two implantscan be difficult to align and position based on visual cues. Certainimaging technologies can be used such as fluoroscopy, however their usemay be cost prohibitive and/or expose the patient to more radiation thandesired.

Advantageously, moving the longitudinal translation feature 2640 to thenail alignment position 2754 aligns at least one fastener opening 2772of the bone plate 1204 and at least one fastener opening 2770 of theintramedullary nail 101 such that deployment of a fastener through thefastener opening 2772 engages the at least one fastener opening 2770 ofthe intramedullary nail 101. The alignment is indicated by arrows 2642.In this manner, a user can readily fixate the bone plate 1204 to theintramedullary nail 101. In certain embodiments, certain openings in thebone plate 1204 may be used to deploy fasteners that engage the boneplate 1204 and bone 102 but miss or do not contact the intramedullarynail 101 or another implant. In certain embodiments, the body 2610 mayinclude an opening that aligns with a fastener opening 2770 of theintramedullary nail 101 and a fastener opening 2772 of the bone plate1204.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that deployment of fastenersthrough the bone plate 1204 and into the long bone (e.g., 102) withoutcontacting an existing implant in the bone (e.g., intramedullary nail,knee implant stem, hip implant stem, etc.) is more challenging towards aproximal end of the long bone than the distal end. This may be due inpart to a higher area within the bone being occupied by implantstructures than bone material towards the proximal end than towards thedistal end of the long bone. Advantageously, the openings in the boneplate 1204 that guide a fastener to miss striking a deployed implant inthe long bone assist in surgeon in deploying a fastener that can provideoptimal fixation to promote proper healing.

FIG. 30 is a perspective view of a combined inserter 2700, according toone embodiment. The combined inserter 2700 is coupled to anintramedullary nail 101 and a bone plate 1204. FIG. 30 illustrates theposition and/or orientation of the intramedullary nail 101 and the boneplate 1204 with the longitudinal translation feature 2640 in the one ofthe offset positions 2752 closer to the proximal end 2616.

In certain embodiments, moving the bone plate coupler 2630 closer to theproximal end 2616 by way of the longitudinal translation feature 2640may cause the intramedullary nail 101 to extend more distally than thebone plate 1204. Consequently, advancement of the combined inserter 2700toward a bone 102 of a patient causes the intramedullary nail 101 toenter an intramedullary canal of the bone 102 before the bone plate 1204percutaneously advances along a side of the bone 102.

FIG. 31 is a perspective view of a combined inserter 2700, according toone embodiment. The combined inserter 2700 is coupled to anintramedullary nail 101 and a bone plate 1204. FIG. 31 illustrates theposition and/or orientation of the intramedullary nail 101 and the boneplate 1204 with the longitudinal translation feature 2640 in the one ofthe offset positions 2752 closer to the distal end 2614.

In certain embodiments, moving the bone plate coupler 2630 closer to thedistal end 2614 by way of the longitudinal translation feature 2640 maycause the bone plate 1204 to extend more distally than theintramedullary nail 101. Consequently, advancement of the combinedinserter 2700 toward a bone 102 of a patient causes the bone plate 1204percutaneously advance along a side of the bone 102 before theintramedullary nail 101 enters an intramedullary canal of the patient.

FIG. 32 is a close up perspective view of a combined inserter 2700,according to one embodiment. FIG. 32 illustrates one example of atransverse feature 2650. In the illustrated embodiment, the transversefeature 2650 may include a base 3202, a telescoping member 3204, and afastener 3206. The base 3202 may extend from the body 2610 towards theintramedullary nail coupler 2620. The telescoping member 3204 isconfigured to fit within the base 3202. The fastener 3206 is configuredto releasably secure the telescoping member 3204 within the base 3202.In one embodiment, the fastener 3206 is a set screw or a thumb screw.

As used herein, a “base” refers to a main or central structure,component, or part of a structure. A base is often a structure,component, or part upon which, or from which other structures extendinto, out of, away from, are coupled to, or connect to. A base may havea variety of geometric shapes and configurations. A base may be rigid orpliable. A base may be solid or hollow. A base can have any number ofsides. In one embodiment, a base may include a housing, frame, orframework for a larger system, component, structure, or device. Incertain embodiments, a base can be a part at the bottom or underneath astructure designed to extend vertically when the structure is in adesired configuration or position.

As used herein, a “set screw” refers to a type of screw generally usedto secure a first object within, or against, second object, usuallywithout using a nut. Set screws can be headless, meaning that the screwis fully threaded and has no head projecting past the thread's majordiameter. If a set screw does have a head, the thread may extend to thehead. A set screw can be driven by an internal-wrenching drive, such asa hex socket (Allen), star (Torx), square socket (Robertson), or a slot.A set screw can be driven by a knob on or part of a head of the setscrew. The knob may be sized to facilitate rotation by a user usingtheir fingers and may be referred to as a thumb screw. In oneembodiment, the set screw passes through a threaded hole in the secondobject (an outer object) and is tightened against the first object (aninner object) to prevent the inner object from moving relative to theouter object. The set screw can exert a compressional and/or clampingforce through an end of the set screw that projects through the threadedhole. (Search “set screw” on Wikipedia.com Aug. 17, 2020. Modified.Accessed Jan. 6, 2020.)

In one embodiment, the transverse feature 2650 is configured to bias thebone plate 1204 towards the long bone (e.g., femur 102) and move thebone plate 1204 away from the bone in response to a force directed awayfrom the long bone (e.g., femur 102). For example, the transversefeature 2650 may include a bias member such as a spring that biases thebone plate 1204 towards the long bone. The bias member can help a useroperate the transverse feature 2650 such that the transverse feature2650 is in a deployment configuration.

In certain embodiments, the base 3202 and telescoping member 3204 arealigned with a transverse axis 3208. Extending or retracting thetelescoping member 3204 can advance or retract a bone plate 1204 alongthe transverse axis 3208. In one embodiment, the transverse axis 3208 isparallel to the medial-lateral axis 2674.

FIG. 32 illustrates one example of a rotational feature 2660. Therotational feature 2660 connects a bone plate 1204 to the transversefeature 2650. The rotational feature 2660 enables the bone plate 1204 torotate about the longitudinal bone plate axis 2710. In one embodiment,the rotational feature 2660 includes a pivot joint 3210 that enables thebone plate 1204 to move in at least two directions relative to the boneplate coupler 2630. In one embodiment, the pivot joint 3210 enables thebone plate 1204 to pivot and move posteriorly and/or anteriorly(generally along the anterior-posterior axis 2676). “Pivot” refers to ashaft or pin on which a mechanism turns or oscillates. (Search “pivot”on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Accessed 9 Aug. 2022.)

In the illustrated embodiment, the rotational feature 2660 is embodiedas a clevis joint having a pair of arms 3212 and an axle 3214 thatextends through holes in the arms and engages a mount 3216 that isconnected to the bone plate 1204. In another embodiment, the rotationalfeature 2660 may be embodied using a ball and socket configuration.“Ball” refers to a solid or hollow sphere, or part thereof (Search“ball” on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Modified. Accessed 9 Aug.2022.) “Socket” refers to an opening, hollow, or space into which a plugor other connecting part is designed to fit. (Search “socket” onwordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web. Modified. Accessed 9 Aug. 2022.)“Axle” refers to a pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or whichrevolves with a wheel. An axle may also refer to a transverse bar orshaft connecting the opposite wheels or parts of a vehicle or otherapparatus. (Search “axle” on wordhippo.com. WordHippo, 2022. Web.Modified. Accessed 9 Aug. 2022.)

As explained above, each of the longitudinal translation feature 2640,transverse feature 2650, and rotational feature 2660 may include adeployment configuration. A deployment configuration is a configuration,setting, position, arrangement, orientation, and/or feature of anapparatus, structure, component, or feature that provides for adesirable deployment position for an intramedullary nail 101 and/or boneplate 1204 coupled to the combined inserter 2700. In certainembodiments, one or more aspects of the longitudinal translation feature2640, transverse feature 2650, and/or rotational feature 2660 mayinclude an indicator that identifies when the longitudinal translationfeature 2640, transverse feature 2650, and rotational feature 2660 is inthe deployment configuration. Said another way, a deploymentconfiguration is an arrangement that position two implants (e.g.,intramedullary nail 101 and bone plate 1204) relative to each other suchthat a user can deploy bone screws or other fasteners in order to andengage the intramedullary nail 101 and/or to specifically miss, notengage, the intramedullary nail 101. Components of a deploymentindicator can be identified using one or more indicators (visual and/ortactile).

As used herein, an “indicator” refers to an apparatus, device,component, system, assembly, mechanism, hardware, software, firmware,circuit, module, set of data, text, number, code, symbol, a mark, orlogic structured, organized, configured, programmed, designed, arranged,or engineered to convey information or indicate a state, condition,mode, context, location, or position to another apparatus, device,component, system, assembly, mechanism, hardware, software, firmware,circuit, module, and/or a user of an apparatus, device, component,system, assembly, mechanism, hardware, software, firmware, circuit,module that includes, or is associated with the indicator. The indicatorcan include one or more of an audible signal, a token, a presence of asignal, an absence of a signal, a tactile signal, a visual signal orindication, a visual marker, a visual icon, a visual symbol, a visualcode, a visual mark, and/or the like. In certain embodiments,“indicator” can be with a an adjective describing the indicator. Forexample, a “mode indicator” is an indicator that identifies or indicatesa mode. “Set” refers to a collection of objects. A set can have zero ormore objects in the collection. Generally, a set includes one or moreobjects in the collection.

Of course embodiments of the combined inserter 2700 may include one ormore of the longitudinal translation feature 2640, transverse feature2650, and rotational feature 2660. In this manner, the combined inserter2700 can facilitate repositioning of a coupled bone plate 1204 relativeto a coupled intramedullary nail 101 as needed for a user.

FIG. 33 is a perspective view of a combined inserter 3300, according toone embodiment. The combined inserter 3300 is coupled to anintramedullary nail 101 and a bone plate 1204. FIG. 33 illustrates theposition and/or orientation of the intramedullary nail 101 and the boneplate 1204 with the longitudinal translation feature 2640 in the nailalignment position 2754 (e.g., a deployment configuration).Alternatively, or in addition, one or more of the transverse feature2650 and/or rotational feature 2660 may also be in a deploymentconfiguration. In the illustrated embodiment, the intramedullary nail101 includes one or more fastener openings 2770 and the bone plate 1204includes one or more fastener openings 2772.

The combined inserter 3300 may serve to specifically address a challengedeploying a bone plate 1204 percutaneously and an intramedullary nail101 within the intramedullary canal. In one embodiment, the combinedinserter 3300 includes a guide section 3310. The guide section 3310provides a guide for a surgeon when the surgeon deploys fasteners.

Advantageously, in certain embodiments, the guide section 3310 isexternal to the body of the patient and aligns with both theintramedullary nail 101 and the bone plate 1204 when those implants arein the deployment configuration. In the illustrated embodiment, theguide section 3310 includes a set of nail engagement openings 3312 and aset of nail avoidance openings 3314. In one embodiment, the nailengagement openings 3312 and nail avoidance openings 3314 align with atleast one fastener opening of the bone plate 1204.

A nail engagement openings 3312 is an opening positioned, oriented,and/or configured such that a fastener deployed through the nailengagement openings 3312 can engage a fastener opening in a positionedintramedullary nail 101. A nail avoidance openings 3314 is an openingpositioned, oriented, and/or configured such that a fastener deployedthrough the nail avoidance openings 3314 will not and/or cannot engage afastener opening of an intramedullary nail 101. Alternatively, or inaddition, a nail avoidance openings 3314 may be configured such that afastener deployed through the nail avoidance openings 3314 will notcontact an intramedullary nail 101. Said another way, the nail avoidanceopenings 3314 may be configured such that a fastener passing through thenail avoidance openings 3314 will miss an intramedullary nail 101 insidethe bone. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the nailengagement openings 3312 and/or nail avoidance openings 3314 may alsoalign with a corresponding nail engagement opening and/or nail avoidanceopening of the bone plate 1204.

In the illustrated embodiment, the guide section 3310 includes a similarcontour, shape, size and configuration as the bone plate 1204.Furthermore, certain openings in the guide section 3310 may be marked toindicate which ones are nail engagement openings 3312 and which ones arenail avoidance openings 3314. Alternatively, or in addition, in oneembodiment the guide section 3310 may not be shaped like the bone plate1204 but may still include guide section 3310 and/or nail avoidanceopenings 3314 that assist a surgeon in targeting fasteners that engagewith one of the intramedullary nail 101 and the bone plate 1204 or both.

Advantageously, placing one or more of the longitudinal translationfeature 2640, transverse feature 2650, and/or rotational feature 2660 inthe deployment configuration can align at least one fastener opening2772 of the bone plate 1204 and at least one fastener opening 2770 ofthe intramedullary nail 101. With the bone plate 1204 and intramedullarynail 101 aligned, a surgeon can determine which of the nail engagementopenings 3312 and/or the nail avoidance openings 3314 to use to providethe desired fixation between the implants and the bone and/or theimplants and each other.

FIG. 34 is a perspective view of a femur fixation system 3400, accordingto one embodiment. The femur fixation system 3400 may includecomponents, apparatus, devices, features, and/or functions, operations,and configurations similar to or the same as embodiments describedherein. Accordingly, the femur fixation system 3400 may include anintramedullary nail 3401, a bone plate 3402, a combined inserter 3404, aset of nail engagement fasteners 3406, and a set of nail avoidancefasteners 3408. The intramedullary nail 3401 includes a set of nailfastener openings 3470, which may be similar to fastener openings 2770.A nail fastener openings 3470 is an opening in an intramedullary nailconfigured to accept a fastener. In one embodiment, the nail fasteneropenings 3470 are configured to accept a fastener that engages theintramedullary nail 3401. The bone plate 3402 includes a set of platefastener openings 3472, which may be similar to fastener openings 2772.

A plate fastener openings 3472 is an opening in a bone plate configuredto accept a fastener. In one embodiment, the plate fastener openings3472 may include at least one nail avoidance openings 3314. As noted,the nail avoidance openings 3314 may be identified by a marking.Alternatively, or in addition, the nail avoidance openings 3314 may beidentifiable based on how openings are distributed along a bone plate3402. For example, openings closer to the edges of a bone plate 3402 maybe nail avoidance openings 3314 and openings between the edges may benail engagement openings 3440.

As with other embodiments described herein, the combined inserter 3404of the femur fixation system 3400 may include a body 3410 having alongitudinal axis 3412, a distal end 3414, and a proximal end 3416. Thecombined inserter 3404 may also include an intramedullary nail coupler3420, a bone plate coupler 3430, and a set of nail engagement openings3440. The intramedullary nail coupler 3420 is coupled to the body 3410and configured to couple to the intramedullary nail 3401. The bone platecoupler 3430 is coupled to the body 3410 and configured to couple to thebone plate 3402.

In one embodiment, the body 3410 includes a set of nail engagementopenings 3440 that align with at least one of the nail fastener openings3470. The nail engagement openings 3440 may be outside the skin of apatient when the combined inserter 3404 is used to deploy anintramedullary nail 3401 and bone plate 3402 together. A user may usethe nail engagement openings 3440 and plate fastener openings 3472 totarget a fastener for deployment through the bone plate 3402 and intothe nail fastener openings 3470 of the intramedullary nail 3401 toengage the intramedullary nail 3401. In one example, a user may deploy anail engagement fasteners 3406 through the bone plate 3402 and into thenail fastener openings 3470 of the intramedullary nail 3401.Alternatively, or in addition, a user may deploy a nail avoidancefasteners 3408 through the bone plate 3402 and into the bone whileavoiding the intramedullary nail 3401.

A nail engagement fastener 3406 is a fastener configured to engage withan intramedullary nail 3401. In one embodiment, the nail engagementfasteners 3406 engage with a bone plate 3402, bone, and theintramedullary nail 3401. In another embodiment, the nail engagementfasteners 3406 engages with bone and the intramedullary nail 3401. Incertain embodiments, the nail engagement fasteners 3406 includesfeatures to facilitate engaging the intramedullary nail 3401. Forexample, the nail engagement fasteners 3406 may include fine threads 536configured to engage internal threads of a nail fastener openings 3470.

A nail avoidance fasteners 3408 is a fastener configured to with boneand/or a bone plate 3402 and not contact and/or engage with anintramedullary nail 3401. In another embodiment, the nail avoidancefasteners 3408 engages with bone and does not engage with the bone plate3402 or contact or engage with the intramedullary nail 3401. In certainembodiments, the nail avoidance fasteners 3408 may include features tofacilitate engaging bone. For example, a distal end of the nailavoidance fasteners 3408 may come to a point to facilitate piercing andengaging with bone.

After a desired number of nail engagement fasteners 3406 and/or nailavoidance fasteners 3408 are deployed, a user may remove the combinedinserter 3404 and deploy additional fasteners into one, or both of, thebone plate 3402 and the intramedullary nail 3401.

FIG. 35 illustrates one example of a method 3500 for stabilizing a bonefracture in a femur of a patient according to one embodiment. In certainembodiments, the method 3500 begins and a user couples 3502 anintramedullary nail to a combined inserter. Next, a user couples 3504 abone plate to the combined inserter. The combined inserter may anintramedullary nail coupler and a bone plate coupler each of which mayinclude a deployment configuration.

Next, a user, such as a surgeon, prepares 3506 an intramedullary canalof a femur of the patient. In one embodiment, the intramedullary canalmay extend from a distal end of the femur to a proximal end of thefemur.

Next, a user, such as a surgeon, may form 3508 an incision in skin ofthe patient proximal to a distal end of the femur, the incision sized toaccept the bone plate coupled to the combined inserter.

Next, a user, such as a surgeon, may insert 3510 the intramedullary nailtogether with the bone plate by moving the combined inserter retrogradefrom the distal end of the femur toward the proximal end of the femur.As the user inserts 3510 the intramedullary nail together with the boneplate, the intramedullary nail moves within the intramedullary canal andthe bone plate moves percutaneously along a lateral surface of thefemur. In one embodiment, inserting the intramedullary nail togetherwith the bone plate may also include adjusting the bone plate couplersuch that the bone plate can move in at least two directions relative tothe bone plate coupler. This movement may facilitate deployment of theintramedullary nail together with the bone plate.

Next, a user, such as a surgeon, may move 3512 each of theintramedullary nail coupler and the bone plate coupler into theirrespective deployment configurations. Moving the intramedullary nailcoupler and the bone plate coupler into their respective deploymentconfigurations aligns the intramedullary nail and the bone plate.

The user then deploys 3514 one or more fasteners that fixate the boneplate to the lateral surface of the femur and the method 3500 ends.

As used herein, a “fixation” refers to an apparatus, instrument,structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, step, process,or module structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, orengineered to connect two structures. The structures may one or theother or both manmade and/or biological tissues, hard tissues such asbones, teeth or the like, soft tissues such as ligament, cartilage,tendon, or the like. Typically, fixation is used as an adjective todescribe a device or component or step in securing two structures suchthat the structures remain connected to each other in a desired positionand/or orientation. Fixation devices can also serve to maintain adesired level of tension, compression, or redistribute load and stressesexperienced by the two structures and can serve to reduce relativemotion of one part relative to others. Examples of fixation devices aremany and include both those for external fixation as well as those forinternal fixation and include, but are not limited to pins, wires,Kirschner wires, screws, anchors, bone anchors, plates, bone plates,intramedullary nails or rods or pins, implants, interbody cages, fusioncages, and the like.

As used herein, an “assembly” refers to a collection, set, or kit of twoor more structures, components, parts, systems, and/or sub-systems thattogether may be used, connected, coupled, applied, integrated, oradapted to be used to perform one or more functions and/or features. Anassembly may include a modifier that identifies one or more particularfunctions or operations that can be accomplished using the assembly.Examples of such modifiers applied to an assembly, include, but are notlimited to, “measurement assembly,” “correction assembly,” “fixationassembly,” “separation assembly,” “cutting assembly,” and the like.

As used herein, a “fixator” refers to an apparatus, instrument,structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, or modulestructured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, or engineered toconnect two bones or bone fragments or a single bone or bone fragmentand another fixator to position and retain the bone or bone fragments ina desired position and/or orientation. Fixators can also serve toredistribute load and stresses experienced by bone(s) and/or body partsand can serve to reduce relative motion of one part relative to others.Examples of fixators include both those for external fixation as well asthose for internal fixation and include, but are not limited to pins,wires, Kirschner wires, screws, anchors, bone anchors, plates, boneplates, intramedullary nails or rods or pins, implants, interbody cages,fusion cages, and the like.

As used herein, a “bone plate” refers to a structure having a generallyplanar structure. Often, a bone plate is flat or mostly flat. Certainembodiments, of bone plates can include one or more bends connected to,or integrated with, the bone plate. In certain embodiments, a bone platecan include bends that correspond to contours of a body part of apatient. In certain embodiments, a bone plate can be configured tosupport a load (including a tension, compression, shear, torsion, and/orbending load). A bone plate can be a separate structure connected to, orintegrated with, another structure. Alternatively, a bone plate can beconnected to part of another structure. A bone plate can betwo-dimensional or three-dimensional and can have a variety of geometricshapes and/or cross-sectional shapes, including, but not limited to arectangle, a square, or other polygon, as well as a circle, an ellipse,an ovoid, or other circular or semi-circular shape. A bone plate may bemade from a variety of materials including, but not limited to, metal,plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, acrylic, carbon, biocompatiblematerials, biodegradable materials or the like. A bone plate may beformed of any biocompatible materials, including but not limited tobiocompatible metals such as Titanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel,carbon fiber, combinations of carbon fiber and a metallic alloy,stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steel alloys, nickel-titaniumalloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol, biocompatible ceramics, andbiocompatible polymers such as Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or apolylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others, or any combination ofthese materials. One bone plate may be distinguished from another basedon where the plate is positioned within a structure, component, orapparatus.

As used herein, a “fastener”, “fixation device”, or “fastener system”refers to any structure configured, designed, or engineered to join twostructures. Fasteners may be made of a variety of materials includingmetal, plastic, composite materials, metal alloys, plastic composites,and the like. Examples of fasteners include, but are not limited toscrews, rivets, bolts, nails, snaps, hook and loop, set screws, bonescrews, nuts, posts, pins, thumb screws, and the like. Other examples offasteners include, but are not limited to wires, Kirschner wires(K-wire), anchors, bone anchors, plates, bone plates, intramedullarynails or rods or pins, implants, sutures, soft sutures, soft anchors,tethers, interbody cages, fusion cages, and the like.

In certain embodiments, the term fastener may refer to a fastener systemthat includes two or more structures configured to combine to serve as afastener. An example of a fastener system is a rod or shaft havingexternal threads and an opening or bore within another structure havingcorresponding internal threads configured to engage the external threadsof the rod or shaft. In certain embodiments, the term fastener may beused with an adjective that identifies an object or structure that thefastener may be particularly configured, designed, or engineered toengage, connect to, join, contact, or couple together with one or moreother structures of the same or different types. For example, a “bonefastener” may refer to an apparatus for joining or connecting one ormore bones, one or more bone portions, soft tissue and a bone or boneportion, hard tissue and a bone or bone portion, an apparatus and a boneor portion of bone, or the like.

In certain embodiments, a fastener may be a temporary fastener. Atemporary fastener is configured to engage and serve a fasteningfunction for a relatively short period of time. Typically, a temporaryfastener is configured to be used until another procedure or operationis completed and/or until a particular event. In certain embodiments, auser may remove or disengage a temporary fastener. Alternatively, or inaddition, another structure, event, or machine may cause the temporaryfastener to become disengaged.

As used herein, a “guide” refers to a part, component, or structuredesigned, adapted, configured, or engineered to guide or direct one ormore other parts, components, or structures. A guide may be part of,integrated with, connected to, attachable to, or coupled to, anotherstructure, device, or instrument. In one embodiment, a guide may includea modifier that identifies a particular function, location, orientation,operation, type, and/or a particular structure of the guide. Examples ofsuch modifiers applied to a guide, include, but are not limited to, “pinguide” that guides or directs one or more pins, a “cutting guide” thatguides or directs the making or one or more cuts, and the like.

As used herein, an “opening” refers to a gap, a hole, an aperture, aspace or recess in a structure, a void in a structure, or the like. Incertain embodiments, an opening can refer to a structure configuredspecifically for receiving something and/or for allowing access. Incertain embodiments, an opening can pass through a structure. In otherembodiments, an opening can exist within a structure but not passthrough the structure. An opening can be two-dimensional orthree-dimensional and can have a variety of geometric shapes and/orcross-sectional shapes, including, but not limited to a rectangle, asquare, or other polygon, as well as a circle, an ellipse, an ovoid, orother circular or semi-circular shape. As used herein, the term“opening” can include one or more modifiers that define specific typesof “openings” based on the purpose, function, operation, position, orlocation of the “opening.” As one example, a “fastener opening” refersto an “opening” adapted, configured, designed, or engineered to acceptor accommodate a “fastener.”

As used herein, “bend” refers to an angled or curved structure, or apart or a portion of a structure, that changes an orientation of thestructure. The structure that includes the bend can be a pipe, a tube, acable, a hose, a sheet, a path, an opening, a portal, a building, aroad, or the like. Typically, a bend changes an orientation of thestructure at an angle between 0 and 180 degrees or between 180 degreesand 360 degrees along a longitudinal axis of the structure. Thestructure can include a single bend or a plurality of bends.

As used herein, “implant” refers to a medical device manufactured toreplace a missing biological structure, support a damaged biologicalstructure, or enhance an existing biological structure. Medical implantsare man-made devices. The surface of implants that contact the body maybe made of, or include a biomedical material such as titanium, stainlesssteel, carbon fiber, another metallic alloy, silicone, or apatite, orany combination of these depending on what is the most functional. Insome cases implants contain electronics, e.g. artificial pacemaker andcochlear implants. Some implants are bioactive, such as subcutaneousdrug delivery devices in the form of implantable pills or drug-elutingstents. Orthopedic implants may be used to alleviate issues with bonesand/or joints of a patient's body. Orthopedic implants are used to treatbone fractures, osteoarthritis, scoliosis, spinal stenosis, and chronicpain. Examples of orthopedic implants include, but are not limited to, awide variety of pins, rods, screws, anchors, and plates used to anchorfractured bones while the bones heal or fuse together. (Search “implant(medicine)” on Wikipedia.com May 26, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified.Accessed Jun. 30, 2021.)

As used herein, a “body” refers to a main or central part of astructure. The body may serve as a structural component to connect,interconnect, surround, enclose, and/or protect one or more otherstructural components. A body may be made from a variety of materialsincluding, but not limited to, metal, plastic, ceramic, wood,fiberglass, acrylic, carbon, biocompatible materials, biodegradablematerials or the like. A body may be formed of any biocompatiblematerials, including but not limited to biocompatible metals such asTitanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steelalloys, nickel-titanium alloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol,biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatible polymers such as Polyetherether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others.

In one embodiment, a body may include a housing or frame or frameworkfor a larger system, component, structure, or device. A body may includea modifier that identifies a particular function, location, orientation,operation, and/or a particular structure relating to the body. Examplesof such modifiers applied to a body, include, but are not limited to,“inferior body,” “superior body,” “lateral body,” “medial body,” and thelike.

As used herein, an “extender” or “extension” refers to an apparatus,instrument, structure, device, component, member, system, assembly, ormodule structured, organized, configured, designed, arranged, orengineered to extend or continue providing one or more features,functions, attributes, characteristics, and/or advantages of a firststructure associated with the extender. An extender can include acoupling, connector, or connection feature that enables the extender toconnect to, communicate with, or interact with the first structure. Anextender or extension may be made from a variety of materials including,but not limited to, metal, plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, acrylic,carbon, biocompatible materials, biodegradable materials or the like. An“extender” or “extension” may be formed of any biocompatible materials,including but not limited to biocompatible metals such as Titanium,Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys, cobalt-chromium steel alloys,nickel-titanium alloys, shape memory alloys such as Nitinol,biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatible polymers such as Polyetherether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer (e.g. PLLA) and/or others,or any combination of these materials.

As used herein, a “shaft” refers to a long narrow structure, device,component, member, system, or assembly structured, organized,configured, designed, arranged, or engineered to support and/or connecta structure, device, component, member, system, connected to each end ofthe shaft. Typically, a shaft is configured to provide rigid support andintegrity in view of a variety of forces including tensile force,compression force, torsion force, shear force, and the like. Inaddition, a shaft can be configured to provide rigid structural supportand integrity in view of a loads including axial loads, torsional loads,transverse loads, and the like. A shaft may be oriented and function ina variety of orientations including vertical, horizontal, or anyorientation between these and in two or three dimensions. A shaft may bemade from a variety of materials including, but not limited to, metal,plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, acrylic, carbon, biocompatiblematerials, biodegradable materials or the like. A shaft may be formed ofany biocompatible materials, including but not limited to biocompatiblemetals such as Titanium, Titanium alloys, stainless steel alloys,cobalt-chromium steel alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, shape memoryalloys such as Nitinol, biocompatible ceramics, and biocompatiblepolymers such as Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) or a polylactide polymer(e.g. PLLA) and/or others, or any combination of these materials.

As used herein, “coupling”, “coupling member”, or “coupler” refers to amechanical device, apparatus, member, component, system, assembly, orstructure, that is organized, configured, designed, arranged, orengineered to connect, or facilitate the connection of, two or moreparts, objects, or structures. In certain embodiments, a coupling canconnect adjacent parts or objects at their ends. In certain embodiments,a coupling can be used to connect two shafts together at their ends forthe purpose of transmitting power. In other embodiments, a coupling canbe used to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting somedegree of misalignment or end movement or both. In certain embodiments,couplings may not allow disconnection of the two parts, such as shaftsduring operation. (Search “coupling” on Wikipedia.com Jul. 26, 2021.CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Jul. 27, 2021.) A coupler may beflexible, semiflexible, pliable, elastic, or rigid. A coupler may jointwo structures either directly by connecting directly to one structureand/or directly to the other or indirectly by connecting indirectly (byway of one or more intermediary structures) to one structure, to theother structure, or to both structures.

As used herein, a “long bone” refers to a bone of a patient having alength greater than a width of the bone. Long bone is one of five typesof bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones,especially the femur and tibia, can be subjected to most of the loadduring daily activities. Long bones grow primarily by elongation of thediaphysis, with an epiphysis at each end of the growing bone. The endsof epiphyses are covered with hyaline cartilage (“articular cartilage”).The longitudinal growth of long bones is a result of endochondralossification at the epiphyseal plate. The long bone category typeincludes the femur, tibia, and fibula of the legs; the humerus, radius,and ulna of the arms; metacarpals and metatarsals of the hands and feet,the phalanges of the fingers and toes, and the clavicles or collar bonesin humans or other patients. The outside of the long bone consists of alayer of connective tissue called the periosteum. Additionally, theouter shell of the long bone is compact bone, then a deeper layer ofcancellous bone (spongy bone) which includes a medullary cavity thatincludes bone marrow. (Search “long bone” on Wikipedia.com May 14, 2021.CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Jul. 26, 2021.)

As used herein, “periprosthetic” refers to a structure positioned inclose relation to an implant. Periprosthetic can also be used as anadjective to describe a type of bone fracture. For example, aperiprosthetic fracture is a fracture near or around an implant ofprosthetic. (Search “periprosthetic” on Wikipedia.com Sep. 20, 2020.CC-BY-SA 3.0 Modified. Accessed Jul. 26, 2021.)

As used herein, an “arm” refers to an elongated structure that extendsfrom another structure such as a base or a body. In certain embodiments,an arm can be configured to support a load (including a tension,compression, shear, torsion, and/or bending load). In certainembodiments, an arm may comprise a generally planar structure. An armcan be a separate structure connected to, or integrated with, anotherstructure. Based on how the arm connects to or extends from anotherstructure, such as a base or body, the arm can resemble an arm of ahuman or animal in that the arm can be an appendage to anotherstructure. An arm can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional and canhave a variety of geometric shapes and/or cross-sectional shapes,including, but not limited to a rectangle, a square, or other polygon,as well as a circle, an ellipse, an ovoid, or other circular orsemi-circular shape. An arm can be made from a variety of materialsincluding, metal, plastic, ceramic, wood, fiberglass, or the like. Onearm may be distinguished from another based on where the arm ispositioned within a structure, component, or apparatus.

As used herein, “adapter” refers to a device, component, system,assembly, or structure, that is organized, configured, designed,arranged, or engineered to convert or convey attributes, features, orfunctions of one device, component, or structure, for use with anotherwise incompatible device, component, system, assembly, orstructure. (Search “adapter” on Wikipedia.com May 13, 2021. CC-BY-SA 3.0Modified. Accessed Jul. 27, 2021.) An adapter may include one or moremodifiers that identify one or more particular functions, attributes,advantages, uses, purposes, or operations and/or particular structuresrelating to the adapter. Examples of such modifiers applied to afeature, include, but are not limited to, “offset adapter,”“accessibility adapter,” “accommodation adapter,” “detour adapter,”“routing adapter,” “rerouting adapter,” and the like.

As used herein, a “deploy” or “deployment” refers to an act, action,process, system, method, means, or apparatus for inserting an implant orprosthesis into a part, body part, and/or patient. “Deploy” or“deployment” can also refer to an act, action, process, system, method,means, or apparatus for placing something into therapeutic use. Adevice, system, component, medication, drug, compound, or nutrient maybe deployed by a human operator, a mechanical device, an automatedsystem, a computer system or program, a robotic system, or the like.

As used herein, “feature” refers to a distinctive attribute or aspect ofsomething. (Search “feature” on google.com. Oxford Languages, 2021. Web.20 Apr. 2021.) A feature may include one or more modifiers that identifyone or more particular functions, attributes, advantages, or operationsand/or particular structures relating to the feature. Examples of suchmodifiers applied to a feature, include, but are not limited to,“attachment feature,” “securing feature,” “alignment feature,”“adjustment feature,” “guide feature,” “protruding feature,” “engagementfeature,” “fixation feature”, “disengagement feature,” and the like.

Any methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions forperforming the described method. The method steps and/or actions may beinterchanged with one another. In other words, unless a specific orderof steps or actions is required for proper operation of the embodiment,the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified.

The phrases “connected to,” “coupled to” and “in communication with”refer to any form of interaction between two or more entities, includingmechanical, electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, fluid, and thermalinteraction. Two components may be functionally coupled to each othereven though they are not in direct contact with each other. The term“abutting” refers to items that are in direct physical contact with eachother, although the items may not necessarily be attached together. Thephrase “fluid communication” refers to two features that are connectedsuch that a fluid within one feature can pass into the other feature.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example,instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as“exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred oradvantageous over other embodiments. While the various aspects of theembodiments are presented in drawings, the drawings are not necessarilydrawn to scale unless specifically indicated.

Reference throughout this specification to “an embodiment” or “theembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristicdescribed in connection with that embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment. Thus, the quoted phrases, or variations thereof, as recitedthroughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to thesame embodiment.

Similarly, it should be appreciated that in the above description ofembodiments, various features are sometimes grouped together in a singleembodiment, FIG, or description thereof for the purpose of streamliningthe disclosure. This method of disclosure, however, is not to beinterpreted as reflecting an intention that any claim require morefeatures than those expressly recited in that claim. Rather, as thefollowing claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in a combination offewer than all features of any single foregoing disclosed embodiment.Thus, the claims following this Detailed Description are herebyexpressly incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claimstanding on its own as a separate embodiment. This disclosure includesall permutations of the independent claims with their dependent claims.

Recitation in the claims of the term “first” with respect to a featureor element does not necessarily imply the existence of a second oradditional such feature or element. Elements recited inmeans-plus-function format are intended to be construed in accordancewith 35 U.S.C. § 112 Para. 6. It will be apparent to those having skillin the art that changes may be made to the details of theabove-described embodiments without departing from the underlyingprinciples set forth herein.

While specific embodiments and applications of the present disclosurehave been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that thescope of this disclosure is not limited to the precise configuration andcomponents disclosed herein. Various modifications, changes, andvariations which will be apparent to those skilled in the art may bemade in the arrangement, operation, and details of the methods andsystems of the present disclosure set forth herein without departingfrom it spirit and scope.

What is claimed is:
 1. An intramedullary nail assembly for a long boneof a patient, the assembly comprising: an intramedullary nailcomprising: a lateral side, a medial side, a superior side, an inferiorside, an anterior side, and a posterior side; a proximal end comprisinga point and a distal end; a shaft between the proximal end and thedistal end; and an offset section proximal to the distal end, whereinthe offset section comprises: a first bend that extends from theanterior side of the intramedullary nail toward the posterior side ofthe intramedullary nail; and a second bend that extends from theposterior side of the intramedullary nail toward the anterior side ofthe intramedullary nail.
 2. The intramedullary nail assembly of claim 1,wherein the shaft has a longitudinal axis and wherein the second benddefines an offset axis that extends from the distal end and wherein thesecond bend extends from the posterior side of the intramedullary nailtoward the anterior side of the intramedullary nail such that the offsetaxis is substantially parallel with the longitudinal axis.
 3. Theintramedullary nail assembly of claim 1, wherein the offset sectionextends from the distal end of the intramedullary nail and the offsetsection is configured to avoid interference from a preinstalled femoralcomponent of a knee joint implant.
 4. The intramedullary nail assemblyof claim 1, wherein the offset section comprises an adapter configuredto connect to the distal end of the intramedullary nail.
 5. Theintramedullary nail assembly of claim 1, wherein the offset sectioncomprises a portion of an intramedullary nail inserter configured tocouple to the distal end of the intramedullary nail.
 6. Theintramedullary nail assembly of claim 1, wherein the first bend is lessthan 90 degrees and the second bend is greater than 90 degrees.
 7. Theintramedullary nail assembly of claim 1, wherein the offset sectioncomprises one or more openings positioned between the first bend and thesecond bend.
 8. The intramedullary nail assembly of claim 1, wherein thedistal end of the intramedullary nail comprise a first coupling, andwherein the offset section comprises: a second coupling configured toengage with the first coupling; and a third coupling configured toengage with a fourth coupling of an inserter.
 9. The intramedullary nailassembly of claim 1, wherein the offset section comprises a first endproximal to the first bend and a second end proximal to the second bendand the second end extends into a notch of the long bone when theintramedullary nail assembly is deployed.
 10. An intramedullary nailsystem for a femur of a patient, the intramedullary nail systemcomprising: a lateral side, a medial side, a superior side, an inferiorside, an anterior side, and a posterior side; a proximal end comprisinga point and a distal end; a longitudinal axis that extends from thedistal end to the proximal end; a shaft between the proximal end and thedistal end; a first bend proximal to the distal end and angledposteriorly in relation to the longitudinal axis; a second bend betweenthe distal end and the first bend, the second bend angled anteriorly inrelation to the longitudinal axis; and a body between the first bend andthe second bend.
 11. The intramedullary nail system of claim 10, furthercomprising a distal coupling connected to the second bend and configuredto couple with an inserter.
 12. The intramedullary nail system of claim10, wherein the first bend is connected to the shaft.
 13. Theintramedullary nail system of claim 10, further comprising a proximalcoupling connected between the first bend and the shaft.
 14. Theintramedullary nail system of claim 10, further comprising a passagethat extends from the distal end to the proximal end.
 15. Theintramedullary nail system of claim 10, wherein the first bend, body,and second bend are configured to preoperatively couple to the shaftproximal to the first bend.
 16. The intramedullary nail system of claim10, wherein the first bend, body, and second bend are integrated with adistal end of an intramedullary nail inserter.
 17. The intramedullarynail system of claim 16, wherein the intramedullary nail insertercomprises an intramedullary nail guide that extends parallel to theintramedullary nail when the intramedullary nail is coupled to theintramedullary nail inserter.
 18. The intramedullary nail system ofclaim 10, wherein the first bend, body, and second bend form an “S”shape when viewed from at least one of a lateral side and a medial sideof the intramedullary nail.
 19. A method for deploying an intramedullarynail that includes an offset section within a femur of a patient, themethod comprising: coupling an intramedullary nail that includes anoffset section to an intramedullary nail inserter, the intramedullarynail inserter coupled to the offset section, the intramedullary nailcomprising a longitudinal axis and the offset section comprising anoffset axis substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis; preparingan intramedullary canal of a femur of the patient, the intramedullarycanal extending from a distal end of the femur to a proximal end of thefemur; inserting a proximal end of the intramedullary nail into a distalend of the intramedullary canal; driving the intramedullary nail intothe intramedullary canal toward the proximal end of the femur by drivingthe offset section along the offset axis, the offset axis transferring atranslation force applied to the offset axis to the intramedullary nailto drive the intramedullary nail along the longitudinal axis; slidingthe offset section past a distal femoral component of a knee implantpositioned proximal to a distal end of the femur such that the offsetsection engages an internal wall of the intramedullary canal andmaintains flexion of a distal portion of the femur; and decoupling theintramedullary nail from the intramedullary nail inserter.
 20. Themethod of claim 19, wherein: the intramedullary nail comprises aplurality of fastener openings; the intramedullary nail insertercomprises a fastener guide; and the method further comprises using thefastener guide to guide insertion of a plurality of fasteners throughthe fastener openings.